standard-title
Shingles
https://www.medicationjunction.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/shingles1.jpg
Latest News Regarding Your Health
Loading…
High blood pressure is called a “silent killer” because it rarely causes symptoms until it severely damages a person’s health. High blood pressure, or hypertension, affects around 1 in 3 American adults. The current guidelines and definition mean that close to half of all adults in the United States will be diagnosed with the condition. When a person has high blood pressure, their blood is putting too much pressure on the walls of the arteries as it flows through. If a person does not receive treatment, hypertension can cause serious health complications, such as heart disease and stroke. Nearly everyone can treat hypertension with lifestyle changes, and some people may also benefit from medication. In this article, we discuss the myths and facts of high blood pressure symptoms. We also describe high and normal blood pressure readings and complications of high blood pressure. Fact and fiction A person can check their blood pressure to find out what it is. Some people may believe that if they do not experience symptoms, they have no reason to worry about their blood pressure. Unfortunately, this is not the case. High blood pressure usually has no symptoms until it causes serious complications. The only […]
Night blindness, or nyctalopia, is where the eye is unable to adapt to low-light conditions, such as at nighttime. Night blindness itself is not a condition but the result of an existing eye disorder. When lighting is dim, the eye must adapt. Although night blindness adversely affects a person’s ability to see in dim light, it does not cause complete blindness. It may create problems seeing road signs while driving at night. It may also take longer time than usual for the eye to adapt when going from light to dark settings. Night blindness is a symptom of some underlying conditions, which may have several causes. This article will discuss symptoms, potential causes, and treatments of night blindness. What are the symptoms? Eye diseases can cause night blindness. Night blindness is a symptom of an underlying eye condition that results in vision impairment while in dim lighting. For example, night blindness could prevent someone from being able to see stars at night, or obstacles in a dark room. To identify night blindness, the American Academy of Ophthalmology suggests that people consider the following questions: Is moving around the house in dim light a challenge? Is driving at night increasingly difficult? […]
Snake bites are not common in the United States, where they are very rarely fatal. Not all species of snake are venomous. Knowing which snake has bitten a person will help with treatment. The injuries that snake bites can cause range from mild to severe, but the chance of dying from one in the U.S. is virtually zero. People can usually survive venomous snake bites if they seek immediate medical attention. All snake bites require medical attention, even if the snake is nonvenomous. Proper wound care can help prevent infection and limit how severe the injury becomes. It is vital never to assume that a snake is nonvenomous without first consulting an expert. The misclassification of snake species could be fatal. In this article, we discuss snake bite symptoms and explain how to identify venomous and nonvenomous snakes in the U.S. We also cover treatment and first aid for snake bites. Fast Facts: About 7,000–8,000 people get venomous snake bites in the U.S. each year, but only five of them die as a result. All venomous snakes in North America are either pit vipers or coral snakes. The vast majority of venomous bites are from pit vipers, and 50 percent […]
Poppers are a liquid drug that can give an instant high when inhaled. Other names for it are amyl nitrate, butyl nitrite, and liquid gold. The effects of poppers appear quickly and include dizziness, warm sensations, an increased heart rate, and headaches. Poppers have a widespread recreational use. The drug can cause euphoric effects and act as a sex enhancer by relaxing the anal muscles. Poppers are sometimes marketed as room deodorizers or leather cleaners, although people rarely use them for these purposes. Although intense, most of the euphoric effects wear off quickly, typically within a few seconds or minutes. The drug is unsafe for people to take. Safety Inhaling poppers can cause irregular and rapid heart rhythms. Inhaling poppers can cause severe effects, and may be fatal. Taking the drug in this way can cause irregular and rapid heart rhythms and result in a syndrome called “sudden sniffing death.” Also, poppers can have other complications that are potentially fatal. For example, the drug can cause methemoglobinemia, a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body produces too much methemoglobin, a substance in red blood cells. Taking poppers may also lead to serious brain or eye damage and risky sexual behavior. […]
A sprayable anticancer gel that rouses the immune system could help stop tumor recurrence and spread after surgery. Spraying an anticancer gel onto the surgery site after tumor removal can help reduce cancer spread. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) are leading the team that is developing the gel, which comes in the form of a sprayable solution. Their aim is that one day, surgeons will be able to spray the solution onto sites of tumor removal directly after surgery. The solution, which quickly forms a biodegradable gel, contains nanoparticles laden with drugs that “wake up” the immune system. Tests of the substance on mice that had undergone surgery to remove advanced melanoma tumors yielded promising results. Half the mice remained tumor-free for at least 60 days following treatment. The scientists say that not only did the treatment help prevent cancer recurrence at the site of surgery, but it also helped stop tumors forming in other parts of the body. A study report on their work now features in the journal Nature Nanotechnology. Cancer is dangerous because it spreads According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide.” They estimate that […]
According to the latest research, men with inflammatory bowel disease have a significantly higher risk of developing prostate cancer. IBD causes chronic inflammation in the digestive tract. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, bloating, and cramps. Two of the most common forms of IBD are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. These conditions affect an estimated 3 million people in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). People with IBD have an increased risk of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. However, the links between IBD and prostate cancer are not well-known. Recently, researchers at Northwestern Medicine in Chicago, IL, set out to investigate whether or not a relationship exists. IBD and prostate cancer Though controversial, doctors often use the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test to screen for prostate cancer. Normally, levels of PSA in the blood are low. If there is a significant increase, it can sometimes be a sign of prostate cancer. However, men with IBD often have higher levels of PSA, possibly due to the chronic inflammation associated with the gastrointestinal condition. Some researchers believe that certain inflammatory products, such as C-reactive protein, might boost […]
A recent study has put the Mediterranean diet to the test once more, attempting to unpick the molecular mechanisms that produce its benefits. More good news for advocates of the Mediterranean diet. Inspired by the traditional eating patterns of people from Greece, Italy, and Spain, the Mediterranean diet can seemingly do no wrong. In a nutshell, the diet is rich in plants and olive oil but low in meat and sugary products. Over the years, studies have concluded that this eating pattern lowers the risk of various health issues, including coronary heart disease and stroke. Studies have even concluded that the Mediterranean diet might extend lifespan in older adults as well as reduce the risk of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Evidence is mounting for its health benefits, but scientists still do not know exactly how these benefits come about. The Mediterranean black box A new study published in JAMA Network Open asks the following question: “Is the Mediterranean diet […] associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in a [United States] population, and, if so, what are the underlying mechanisms?” As corresponding study author Dr. Samia Mora explains, “While prior studies have shown benefit for the Mediterranean diet on […]
The menstrual cycle can cause many symptoms, including sore breasts. Hormone fluctuations before a period can lead to breast tenderness or pain. Doctors do not fully understand what causes these breast symptoms, but they know that specific hormones are involved. People can take some measures to reduce breast discomfort. However, if their breast pain becomes severe or they have signs of a breast infection, they should seek medical attention. What causes sore breasts before a period? Breast pain is a common symptom of menstruation. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), hormone changes due to menstruation are the most common cause of breast pain. A reduction in the levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone before a period can cause sore breasts. These changes can also cause lymph node swelling, which may contribute to breast pain too. There may also be an association between breast pain and a hormone called prolactin. This hormone stimulates breast milk production in women following childbirth. It is present in the body of females, and it can affect the breasts even if a woman has not recently given birth. Breast pain may also occur around the time of ovulation, which is when an […]
Headaches are a very common form of pain and can be a nuisance when someone has one. Rather than reaching for over-the-counter painkillers, there are many natural methods that people can try to help them get rid of a headache. In this article, we look at a range of home and natural remedies for headaches. People can try many of these remedies right away, and some of them might help to prevent headaches in the future. 1. Water Drinking water will stop dehydration, which can be an underlying cause of many headaches. Drinking enough water may help prevent headaches or reduce their severity. Dehydration can be an underlying cause of many simple headaches. It may also alter how a person feels, acts, or thinks. As a study in the journal Antioxidants notes, even slight dehydration may alter how people think and function, making them feel worse, with or without a headache. Water may help make someone in this situation feel better, although some studies are more cautious. A critical reading of one study published in the Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice noted that drinking water did not reduce how long people had their headaches, but it did make them […]
A previously unknown brain mechanism that regulates anxiety has come to light. It allows a gene-altering protein to enter the nucleus of brain cells. New research uncovers a brain mechanism that controls anxiety. The protein goes by the name of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), and scientists have linked it to anxiety behaviors. The recent research could lead to new treatments for anxiety disorders that have fewer side effects, according to the team that carried it out at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. A paper on the study features in the journal Cell Reports. “Current drugs for anxiety,” says senior study author Mike Fainzilber, who is a professor in the biomolecular sciences department at the Weizmann Institute, “are limited in their efficacy or have undesirable side effects, which also limit their usefulness.” He suggests that the findings could help to overcome these drawbacks. Anxiety and MeCP2 Most people experience anxiety now and again as part of everyday life. Anxiety disorders, however, are conditions in which the feelings of fear and uncertainty become overwhelming and do not go away. They typically last for 6 months or more. The National Institutes of Health estimate that anxiety disorders affect around 1 […]
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that helps heal damaged tissues and resolve infections. Neutrophil blood levels increase naturally in response to infections, injuries, and other types of stress. They may decrease in response to severe or chronic infections, drug treatments, and genetic conditions. Neutrophils help prevent infections by blocking, disabling, digesting, or warding off invading particles and microorganisms. They also communicate with other cells to help them repair cells and mount a proper immune response. The body produces neutrophils in the bone marrow, and they account for 55–70 percent of all white blood cells in the bloodstream. A normal overall white blood cell level in the bloodstream for an adult is somewhere between 4,500 and 11,000 per millimeters cubed (mm3). When there is an infection or another source of inflammation in the body, special chemicals alert mature neutrophils, which then leave the bone marrow and travel through the bloodstream to the site in need. Unlike some other cells or blood components, neutrophils can travel through junctions in the cells that line blood vessel walls and enter into tissues directly. In this article, we look at the reasons for high or low neutrophil levels, how doctors can test […]
New research suggests that the loss of two genes may drive an aggressive form of colorectal cancer, and proposes a combination of two compounds that may halt tumor growth. The reduced expression of two genes may explain the development of colon cancer. According to to the American Cancer Society (ACS), colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death among both men and women in the United States. Up to 35 percent of colorectal cancer cases evolve from so-called serrated polyps. Polyps are growths found inside the colon, which may or may not develop into cancer. Colorectal cancers that arise from serrated polyps are often more difficult to treat, so identifying serrated colon cancers early on is crucial for improving a person’s outlook. New research, published in the journal Immunity, suggests that losing two specific genes drives serrated polyps. The findings may lead to new biomarkers for this type of cancer. Jorge Moscat, Ph.D., a director and professor in the Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program at Sanford Burnham Prebys (SBP) Medical Discovery Institute in La Jolla, CA, is the senior author of the paper. The findings also shed light on […]
Many people living with HIV choose to explore non-conventional therapies to ease the symptoms of HIV and side effects of the medications. Some alternative treatments can complement a person’s standard medical care, but others are not safe. Many people living with HIV use alternative therapies. According to one source, over 70 percent of people with HIV in the United States have tried alternative treatments, and many people use them regularly. Certain health insurance plans may cover some alternative medicines, such as chiropractic and acupuncture therapy. While alternative treatments do not cure HIV, they may relieve symptoms and can improve a person’s quality of life. However, not all alternative medicines are safe. Some alternative treatments may have side effects or interact with medications. Always talk to a doctor or healthcare provider before trying alternative medicine. Read on to find out more about the possible benefits, risks, and drug interactions associated with alternative treatments for HIV or AIDS. Can alternative therapies help? Some healthcare providers support the use of alternative therapies, such as meditation. When used alongside traditional medication, alternative treatments may help relieve some of the symptoms of HIV or AIDS. Physical therapies may help improve a person’s movement, help them […]
Venous insufficiency occurs when the valves in a person’s veins do not work properly. This means that the veins are less able to transport blood back to the heart. Venous insufficiency is fairly common. According to the Society for Vascular Surgery, it affects up to 40 percent of people in the United States. It is also usually chronic. This condition causes leg and foot swelling, varicose veins, and aching legs. In this article, we cover the causes and risk factors for venous insufficiency, as well as how to diagnose and treat it. What is venous insufficiency? Symptoms of venous insufficiency can include dull aching and swelling in the legs and blood clots. The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood through the arteries to the rest of the body, while the veins bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart. When a person has venous insufficiency, their veins have trouble moving deoxygenated blood from the arms and legs back to the heart. Faulty valves inside the veins usually cause venous insufficiency. Veins have valves made up of two flaps, which prevent the backward flow of blood. These are called bicuspid valves. If the veins are damaged or become dilated, the valves may fail to […]
LEEP stands for loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Doctors perform them to detect or treat cervical cancer. During a LEEP, an electrical current passes through a loop of wire. A doctor uses the wire to cut abnormal cells from the cervix. They send a sample of these cells to a laboratory to detect signs of cancer or other conditions. This article will describe what to expect during a LEEP, as well as the side effects and recovery. Uses A doctor may suggest a LEEP if a person is experiencing cervix- or vagina-related issues. A LEEP can help diagnose or treat cervical cancer. A doctor may suggest a LEEP if a person is having symptoms that indicate a problem with the cervix or vagina. They may also suggest a LEEP if they find abnormalities during a pelvic examination or a Pap smear. The purpose of a LEEP is to extract abnormal cells for further testing. The results will inform a doctor about whether a person has an underlying illness and what steps they should take next. A LEEP can help distinguish between precancerous cells and other abnormal cell types, such as polyps. Precancerous cells are abnormal cells that may eventually develop into […]
Dry skin patches can have many causes, including allergies, dermatitis, and psoriasis. Determining the cause of dry skin allows a person to find the right treatment. Dry skin is a common problem during the winter months, when the skin is exposed to colder temperatures and lower levels of moisture in the air. In these cases, using moisturizer is often enough to soothe and eliminate dry skin patches. However, some people experience chronic, or long-lasting, dry skin. This can indicate an underlying medical condition that would benefit from treatment. In this article, we describe some common medical conditions and other factors that can cause dry skin and how to deal with them. Causes of dry skin patches The skin can become dry, scaly, or flaky for many everyday reasons, such as being exposed to chemicals in soaps or harsh, windy weather. Other causes of dry skin include: In many cases, a person can alleviate the symptom by applying the right lotion to the affected area regularly and avoiding cleaning and personal care products that contain harsh chemicals. In some cases, however, dry skin patches require specific treatment. Skin conditions can become worse in cold weather, including dermatitis, which broadly refers to […]
A person may miss a period for a number of common reasons. Ovarian cancer is a rare cause of a missed period. Ovarian cancer affects the ovaries, which are female reproductive organs that sit on either side of the uterus, or womb. This type of cancer may develop from various cell types in the ovaries or fallopian tubes. The most common type of ovarian cancer is an epithelial tumor called a serous carcinoma. Ovarian cancer represents around 3 percent of cancer cases in women. In the United States, a female’s risk of developing ovarian cancer is around 1 in 78. Understanding the symptoms of ovarian cancer can help a person get an early diagnosis. Missing a period can sometimes indicate ovarian cancer, but there are other more common symptoms. In this article, we explore the link between ovarian cancer and missed periods. We also cover the symptoms and risk factors for this type of cancer and describe the outlook and when to see a doctor. Can a missed period be a symptom of ovarian cancer? There can be various reasons for a missed period. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), ovarian cancer can affect a person’s menstrual periods. Changes […]
In your imagination, you can do anything. Riding a dragon? Piece of cake. Imagination is what fuels creativity and allows us to come up with innovative solutions. New research assessing brain scans shows that our imagination can also help us get rid of our anxieties and fears. Your imagination is a powerful tool that you could use to overcome your fears. Our imagination is an incredibly useful tool. It can soothe us during difficult times and help us solve problems, create new things, and consider possible courses of action. Some researchers have argued that our imagination, which gives us the ability to consider different scenarios, is at the core of what makes humans different from the rest of the animal kingdom. Moreover, existing research has suggested that what we imagine can actually affect our minds and bodies in very concrete ways. For instance, a study that the journal Psychological Science published in 2009 found that when we imagine doing something, our minds and bodies anticipate the imagined action as though it were a real action. The results of another study, which featured in Current Biology in 2013, suggest that imagining that we hear certain sounds or see particular shapes can […]
Scaling skin is dry, cracked, or flaky skin. Also known as desquamation, scaling skin happens when the outer layer of the skin, called the epidermis, begins to flake off. Scaling skin may arise when an injury or a medical condition damages the outer layer of skin. Some conditions interfere with the structure and moisture content of the skin or cause the body to produce extra skin, which can lead to dry or flaky skin. Scaling skin is a symptom of many medical conditions, including psoriasis, contact dermatitis, eczema, and fungal skin infections. Some causes can lead to health complications if left untreated. Commonly affected areas include the face, legs, and hands. Continue reading to find out what causes scaling skin, how to identify the condition with our picture guide, treatment options, and when to see a doctor. Pictures of scaling skin Contact dermatitis Image credit: Floreana, 2010. Contact dermatitis Image credit: Lauren Jill Ahrold, 2008. Psoriasis Image credit: Alborz Fallah, 2013. Psoriasis Image credit: Alborz Fallah, 2013. Psoriasis Image credit: James Heilman, MD, 2010. Atopic dermatitis Image credit: Assianir, 2013. Atopic dermatitis Image credit: Gzzz, 2010. Dyshidrotic eczema Image credit: Eugene Alvin Villar, 2008. Dyshidrotic eczema Image credit: La belle […]
A woman can develop high blood pressure, or hypertension, at any point during pregnancy. High blood pressure is affecting more and more pregnant women. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the number of pregnant women who developed high blood pressure in the United States almost doubled between 1993 and 2014. High blood pressure affects an estimated 6–8 percent of pregnancies in women aged 20–44 in the U.S. If left untreated, high blood pressure can lead to serious health complications for the mother, her infant, or both. In most cases, however, hypertension is preventable and treatable. In this article, we will discuss the different types of high blood pressure that a woman can develop during pregnancy, the risk factors and complications of high blood pressure, and how to prevent and treat high blood pressure during pregnancy. Types of hypertension in pregnancy A woman may experience chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, or preeclampsia during pregnancy. According to the CDC, blood pressure measurements that are greater than or equal to 140/90 millimeters of mercury indicate high blood pressure. Women can experience one of three types of high blood pressure during pregnancy: chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, or preeclampsia. A person may […]
Many people living with type 2 diabetes monitor their blood sugar levels on a daily basis, but does that really make a difference to health? A new study suggests that they may be over-monitoring. Many people with type 2 diabetes are testing their blood sugar levels too often, new research finds. According to a recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report, about 30.3 million people in the United States live with diabetes, which equates to almost one in 10 individuals. The most commonly diagnosed form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes, which, more often than not, does not require insulin injections. Instead, people with type 2 diabetes can manage their condition by taking the appropriate medication. A drug that doctors often prescribe for this form of diabetes is metformin, which helps people keep their blood sugar levels under control. As keeping blood sugar in check is so important in diabetes, endocrinologists advise people with this condition to perform regular, simple blood tests that they can do at home with the appropriate devices. However, emerging evidence suggests that many people living with type 2 diabetes may be erring too much on the side of caution and taking these tests […]
Urine comprises water, salts, and waste products from the kidneys. The balance of these compounds can affect the urine’s acidity levels, which specialists measure in pH. The pH is the measurement of how acidic or alkaline a person’s urine is. Doctors often test the urine pH, and they may perform other diagnostic tests, when a person has symptoms that may be related to a problem in the urinary tract. What is the normal pH of urine? A pH test looks at how acidic or alkaline a person’s urine is. According to the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the average value for urine pH is 6.0, but it can range from 4.5 to 8.0. Urine under 5.0 is acidic, and urine higher than 8.0 is alkaline, or basic. Different laboratories may have different ranges for “normal” pH levels. The laboratory report will explain the normal and abnormal levels for the specific laboratory. A doctor will usually explain these results to the person. What do abnormal pH levels mean? One of the major factors affecting urine pH is the food that a person eats. A doctor will likely ask a person about the foods they typically eat before evaluating their urine pH […]
The pelvis is the area of the body below the abdomen or belly. There are many different organs and structures in the pelvis, including blood vessels, nerves, reproductive structures, bladder and urinary structures, and the bowel and rectum. There are many different causes of pain in the pelvis. In this article, we investigate possible causes of pelvic pain in men and women. We also look at the treatment options and when to see a doctor. Causes Constipation, endometriosis, fibroids, and STIs can cause pelvic pain. There are many causes of pelvic pain, including: 1. Constipation Constipation can cause pelvic pain, especially if it affects the lower colon. This type of pain tends to go away once a person has a bowel movement. 2. Other intestinal problems A variety of other intestinal conditions can cause pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis. These include: 3. Endometriosis Endometriosis is when tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside of the uterus. This tissue can bleed during a person’s menstrual cycle, as well as stick to other organs, causing pain and other symptoms. The location of the pain depends on where the tissue implants. While some people experience symptoms just during menstruation, others […]
Female ejaculation is when a female’s urethra expels fluid during sex. It can happen when a female becomes sexually aroused, but there is not necessarily an association with having an orgasm. Scientists do not fully understand female ejaculation, and there is limited research on how it works and its purpose. Female ejaculation is perfectly normal, although researchers remain divided on how many people experience it. In this article, we look at the current thinking on the mechanisms, purpose, and frequency of female ejaculation. What is it? Female ejaculation can occur due to sexual arousal. Female ejaculation refers to the expulsion of fluid from a female’s urethra during orgasm or sexual arousal. The urethra is the duct that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. There are two different types of female ejaculate: Squirting fluid. This fluid is usually colorless and odorless, and it occurs in large quantities. Ejaculate fluid. This type more closely resembles male semen. It is typically thick and appears milky. Analysis has shown that the fluid contains prostatic acid phosphatase (PSA). PSA is an enzyme present in male semen that helps sperm motility. In addition, female ejaculate usually contains fructose, which is a […]
Chronic back pain can sometimes be a symptom of advanced prostate cancer. However, there are many other possible causes of back pain. The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that sits below the bladder and wraps around the urethra. This gland is part of the male reproductive system and is involved in the production of semen. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer among American males, affecting 1 in 9 over the course of their lifetimes. The outlook for people with prostate cancer is encouraging, particularly when doctors diagnose it early. For all stages of prostate cancer, the ACS report 5- and 10-year relative survival rates of 99 percent and 98 percent, respectively. However, prostate cancer is still a leading cause of cancer death, so regular screenings and prompt attention to possible symptoms are very important. In this article, we look at the link between back pain and prostate cancer. We also describe other causes of back pain and explore prostate cancer in detail, including its symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, testing, and treatment. Can back pain be a symptom of prostate cancer? Prostate cancer cells may spread to a person’s bones. […]
For most people who take statins to lower cholesterol, the risk of side effects is low compared to the benefits, according to a recent scientific statement. New research suggests that the benefits of statins outweigh the risks. The American Heart Association (AHA) statement applies to those who — according to current guidelines — are at risk of heart attack and ischemic strokes, which are strokes arising from blood clots. Statins are drugs that reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by blocking an enzyme in the liver. Around a quarter of adults over the age of 40 years old in the United States use statins to reduce their risk of heart attack, ischemic stroke, and other conditions that can develop when plaque builds up in arteries. However, up to 1 in 10 of individuals taking statins stop using them because they assume that the drug is responsible for symptoms that they experience, although that may not be the case. “Stopping a statin,” says Dr. Mark Creager, who is director of the Heart and Vascular Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, NH, and former president of the AHA, “can significantly increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke caused by a […]
Appendix cancer is a rare type of cancer that grows in the appendix. There are several different types of appendix cancer, and a person often experiences no symptoms in the early stages. The appendix is a tubular, finger-like sac around 4 inches in length that connects to the first part of the colon. Scientists do not fully understand the exact purpose of this organ. People can live normal and healthy lives without their appendix. Appendix cancer, also known as appendiceal cancer, is extremely rare. Experts estimate that this type of cancer affects around 2 to 9 people per 1 million. Some studies suggest that appendix cancer may be on the rise, however. A recent retrospective study estimated that it increased from around 6 people per 1 million in 2000 to as many as 10 people per 1 million in 2009. In this article, we discuss the types, symptoms, causes, and risk factors of appendix cancer. We also cover diagnosis, treatment, and survival rates for this disease. Types Appendicitis may be the first sign of appendix cancer. Appendix cancer includes several types of tumor cells that may affect various parts of the appendix. Some appendix tumors are benign, meaning they do […]
A fibroadenoma is a type of lump that can develop in the breast and typically appears in females. Fibroadenomas are very common, but they are benign, which means that they are noncancerous. Other than the lump itself, a person with a fibroadenoma is unlikely to experience any symptoms. In this article, we look at the causes of fibroadenomas and how doctors diagnose and treat them. What is a fibroadenoma? A fibroadenoma develops in the breast and is common in women. A fibroadenoma is a benign tumor that can develop in the breast. Doctors do not know why some people develop them and others do not. They are common in women but rare in men. The tumors consist of glandular and connective tissue, and they can vary in size. Some are so small that a person cannot feel them, while others are easy to locate during a self-examination. A person may have one fibroadenoma or many. Fibroadenomas may maintain their size or grow or shrink over time. If a fibroadenoma is large enough to touch, it will usually feel like a round, relatively firm lump that it is possible to move under the skin. Doctors classify fibroadenomas as either simple or […]
Stage 4 lymphoma occurs when cancer has spread to a distant part of the body outside of the lymphatic system, such as the spinal cord, lungs, or liver. Lymphoma is cancer that originates in a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes. These cells travel through the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. As with many cancers, there are four stages of lymphoma. Stage 4 (IV) lymphoma is often treatable. A person’s prognosis depends on many factors, which include the type of lymphoma and the age of the individual. In this article, we discuss the different types of lymphoma, including their symptoms, treatment, and survival rates. Types of stage 4 lymphoma Lymphoma is the term that people use to describe cancer that develops in the lymphatic system. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma Stage 4 lymphoma occurs when cancer has spread beyond the lymphatic system. The hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma is the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are mature B-type immune cells that have become cancerous. An estimated 95 percent of Hodgkin lymphomas are classic Hodgkin lymphoma, of which there are four subtypes: nodular sclerosis mixed cellularity lymphocyte-rich […]
New research uses nanosensors to detect protein-to-protein interactions that may signal cancer. The findings may prove especially useful for identifying lymphocytic leukemia much earlier on. The nanosensors may help detect leukemia blood cells, (shown here). Cancer is one of the leading causes of death both in the United States and worldwide. According to the National Cancer Institute, there were more than 8 million cancer-related deaths across the world in 2012, and over 600,000 people in the U.S. may die from the disease in 2018. Early detection of this life-threatening illness is crucial, and medical scientists are hard at work devising newer and more effective ways of diagnosing cancer as soon as possible. Now, new research uses tiny sensors to detect minute molecular changes that may be indicative of cancer. Liviu Movileanu, a professor of physics at the College of Arts and Sciences at Syracuse University in New York, together with Avinash Kumar Thakur, a doctoral researcher in physics at Syracuse, detail the role of these nanosensors in a paper appearing in the journal Nature Biotechnology. As Prof. Movileanu explains, the nanosensors may be particularly helpful for detecting lymphocytic leukemia, a form of cancer that starts in the bone marrow and […]
All food provides the body with energy, but this energy can vary greatly. Some foods, such as sugars and refined carbs, give the body a quick jolt of energy. However, more often, the body needs more sustainable energy from ingredients such as fruits, grains, and legumes. The list we give here focuses on foods and drinks that provide more stable energy throughout the day. Drinks The following drinks can help boost energy: 1. Water Drinking water throughout the day boosts energy levels. Water is the most crucial energizing ingredient on this list. Water is vital for every cell in the body to work correctly. While most people think of dehydration as an extreme scenario, the body may become partially dehydrated if a person goes all morning without water. Maintaining energy can be as simple as carrying a water bottle around and sipping it throughout the day to stay properly hydrated. 2. Coffee Coffee is a recognizable energy booster. The caffeine in coffee makes the body and mind feel alert and may make people more productive. Coffee also contains antioxidants called polyphenols, which may reduce oxidative stress in the cells and help the body function better. Coffee is a stimulant, however, […]
Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative condition that affects the nerves in the central nervous system. There is currently no cure, but treatments are available to slow its progression. Marijuana may be useful for treating several symptoms of the condition. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious and lifelong condition that causes a range of symptoms, which can become debilitating. Around 2.3 million people worldwide have MS. In people with MS, the immune system is overactive and causes damage to cells in the brain, spinal cord, or optical nerves that make up the central nervous system. Marijuana, which is also known as cannabis, is now legal in many areas of the United States. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society support the use of medical marijuana for people with MS in some instances and where it is lawful. However, the drug does have side effects, and it may not be suitable for everyone. Benefits of marijuana for MS Marijuana can help treat the symptoms of MS. The chemicals in marijuana have different effects on the body, some of which can be medicinal. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of the primary chemicals in marijuana, and it has psychoactive properties that cause the “high” of the drug. […]
Doctors are starting to prescribe medical marijuana to treat certain health conditions. Some studies suggest that marijuana may also have the potential to ease the symptoms of Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This chronic condition causes inflammation of parts of the digestive tract. Doctors do not fully understand what causes Crohn’s disease, but they believe that it results from a problem with the immune system. The symptoms of Crohn’s disease can vary considerably in type and severity, but they often include: diarrhea abdominal pain and cramping fatigue nausea or loss of appetite weight loss Crohn’s disease is typically a relapsing-remitting condition. This term means that people experience both periods of remission, during which they have few or no symptoms, and “flare-ups,” when their symptoms get worse. There is currently no cure for Crohn’s, so treatment aims to relieve symptoms and keep a person in remission. In this article, we look at the research on whether marijuana can help treat Crohn’s disease. We also cover some of the benefits, risks, and side effects of medical marijuana. Can medical marijuana treat Crohn’s? Marijuana may help to ease the inflammation that causes many of the symptoms […]
Some women with Crohn’s disease may worry whether being pregnant will affect their condition, while others fear that disease or the medications they are taking will harm the fetus. Crohn’s disease is a long-term condition that causes inflammation within the digestive tract. Along with ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Common symptoms of Crohn’s disease include diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fatigue, and unintended weight loss. These symptoms can vary in severity and often come and go in cycles. Doctors refer to long periods of few or no symptoms as being in remission. A flare-up or relapse is when symptoms reappear or get worse. There is no cure for Crohn’s disease, so treatment aims to keep a person in remission. In this article, we discuss how Crohn’s disease and pregnancy can affect each other, and what women who have IBD and are thinking about having children should consider. How do they affect each other? A person with Crohn’s disease in remission is likely to have a healthy pregnancy. How Crohn’s disease and pregnancy affect each other depends on whether the woman’s symptoms are in remission. Most women who conceive while their Crohn’s disease is in remission can […]
Some research suggests that the supplement D-mannose may be able to help treat urinary tract infections. D-mannose is a type of naturally occurring sugar. There is ongoing research on its uses, which may include the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). This article looks at what D-mannose is, how it may interact with UTIs, and its side effects and risks. What is D-mannose? D-mannose naturally occurs in oranges, apples, and peaches. D-mannose is a type of sugar that some people believe may help treat UTIs. It may work by making it more difficult for the bacteria that are responsible for UTIs to attach themselves to the urinary tract. D-mannose naturally occurs in a variety of fruits and vegetables, including: oranges apples peaches cranberries mangos aloe vera seaweed Historically, people have used D-mannose to treat UTIs in animals. Now, scientists are interested in whether it could also treat and prevent UTIs in humans. According to a 2017 study, women with recurrent UTIs usually receive a low-dose antibiotic for 6 to 12 months after infection. While research has proven this to be effective, there is a risk that long-term antibiotic use will increase the likelihood of bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics. For […]
Excess waist fat is common in many people with a high risk of heart disease and stroke, according to a recent European study. New research finds that two-thirds of people at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease have excess belly fat. The study, called EUROASPIRE V, is a survey of cardiovascular disease prevention and diabetes. It forms part of a European Society of Cardiology research program. The findings featured recently at the World Congress of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Health in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. They revealed that nearly two-thirds of individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease had excess abdominal fat. The results also showed that: Only 47 percent of those taking drugs to reduce high blood pressure were achieving a target of under 140/90 millimeters of mercury, or under 140/85 for those who reported having diabetes. Among individuals using lipid-lowering medication, only 43 percent had reached the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol target of under 2.5 millimoles per liter. Many who were not in receipt of treatment for high blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol had those conditions. Only 65 percent of individuals receiving treatment for type 2 diabetes had attained the target blood sugar of under 7.0 […]
Millions of people worldwide live with a form of dementia, the most common of which is Alzheimer’s disease. Currently, there is no way to halt its progress, but clinical trials of new drugs are underway. What approach will serve specialists best? A new review of clinical trials advises on the best way forward. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 50 million people around the world live with dementia, and approximately 60–70 percent have Alzheimer’s disease. The greatest risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease is aging, and people ages 65 or older are the most vulnerable. Current treatments for this condition address its symptoms, such as memory loss and behavioral changes. However, more and more research aims to find a therapy that will tackle the biological changes that characterize Alzheimer’s disease. But are researchers on the right track with their investigations, and what would be the best treatment approach? A new comprehensive review published in the journal Neurology, and available online, addresses these questions. Most trials target brain pathologies In the review, specialists from the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation in New York, NY analyze current clinical trials for dementia drugs and advise about the best approach going forward. “Alzheimer’s is […]
Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that has gained a lot of attention for its purported health benefits. But what is glutathione, and does it actually affect the body? Some people swear by its anti-aging properties, while others say that it can treat autism, increase fat metabolism, and even prevent cancer. Read on for more information about this antioxidant and what the research says about its effectiveness. What is glutathione? Milk thistle activates glutathione production in the body. Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant found in every cell in the body. It is made of three types of molecules known as amino acids. Amino acids combine in different patterns to make all of the proteins in the body. One unique thing about glutathione is that the body is able to make it in the liver, which is not true of most antioxidants. Glutathione has many important functions, including: making DNA, the building blocks of proteins and cells supporting immune function forming sperm cells breaking down some free radicals helping certain enzymes function regenerating vitamins C and E transporting mercury out of the brain helping the liver and gallbladder deal with fats assisting regular cell death (a process known as apoptosis) Researchers have […]
Herpes simplex is a viral infection that typically affects the mouth, genitals, or anal area. It is contagious and can cause outbreaks of sores and other symptoms. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a highly prevalent infection globally, with the most common type affecting around 3.7 billion people under the age of 50 years. It spreads rapidly through direct contact with a person who carries HSV. The sexual transmission of some types of HSV is also possible. The majority of people with HSV will not show any symptoms at all, but they can still pass on the virus. The symptoms of HSV are typically mild but can cause discomfort. HSV can be particularly harmful to those with weakened immune systems, such as infants. This article will outline the symptoms of HSV, the different types of the virus, and how to treat it. Symptoms Skin sores are the most common symptom of herpes. It is common for a person with HSV to have no noticeable symptoms. However, even without having symptoms, a person can still pass the virus on to someone else. When people do experience symptoms, these will usually include sores. These are blisters that develop on the surface of the […]
Amid the increasing rise of probiotic use in Western society, a recent journal article asks whether we should evaluate the products’ safety with a little more scrutiny. Probiotics are popular, but what does the evidence say? For millennia, humans have consumed foods rich with live bacteria. Yogurt, for instance, dates back to at least 5000 B.C., and in Korea, kimchi — fermented vegetables — has also been consumed for thousands of years. Today, however, live microorganisms are added to a range of products advertised as providing a wide array of medical benefits. Creative marketing and a general fascination for gut bacteria have combined to create a huge market for probiotics. Perhaps surprisingly, to sell a product that contains live microorganisms there is no legal requirement to provide evidence that it works or, importantly, that it is safe. An article published this week in JAMA Internal Medicine argues that this is a dangerous state of affairs. The piece was written by Dr. Pieter A. Cohen from the Cambridge Health Alliance at the Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA. The state of the evidence Dr. Cohen begins by outlining the proven benefits of probiotics. For instance, Saccharomyces boulardii has been shown to […]
New research has revealed that targeted cognitive training can successfully reduce cognitive impairment in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Altering certain neural pathways may improve cognitive ability in people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is one of the 15 leading causes of disability globally. In the United States, this condition affects more than 3 million people. Symptoms of schizophrenia include psychoses, hallucinations, delusions, and unusual thinking patterns. Emotional numbing, reduced motivation, difficulty forming and maintaining social relationships, and cognitive impairment are also among the symptoms that tend to characterize the condition. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia affects verbal and working memory especially. Some older research suggested that these cognitive difficulties are partly down to some deficiencies in the ability to process auditory information. For instance, a study published in the journal NeuroImage found that “impairments in [auditory] discrimination may contribute to higher-order cognitive and psychosocial deficits in [schizophrenia].” Recently, researchers set out to examine whether targeted cognitive training (TCT) — which uses specially designed computer games to change certain neural pathways — may improve auditory perception and verbal learning in people with a difficult form of schizophrenia. Gregory A. Light, Ph.D — a professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego School of […]
New research has found that very shy people are more likely to have anxiety, possibly at debilitating levels, during a hangover. The findings also suggest that for these people, “hangxiety” might signal a higher risk of alcohol dependence. Some people may experience debilitating anxiety after a night of heavy drinking. Alcohol use disorder (AUD), a chronic condition, is characterized by a person’s inability to “stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences.” AUB reportedly affects around 15 million adults in the United States and over 620,000 adolescents aged 12–17. Its symptoms may be either mild or severe, and there are several factors that raise the risk of AUD. These include family history, social pressure, and stress. New research suggests that experiencing anxiety during a hangover might also indicate whether a person is more likely to develop AUD — at least if that person is an introvert. Beth Marsh — currently a research assistant in the Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology at University College London in the United Kingdom — is the first author of the study, which now appears in the journal Personality and Individual Differences. Is ‘hangxiety’ a marker of AUD risk? Using […]
Chemotherapy can affect a person’s brain for years after coming to an end. How does it actually change the brain, and is there anything that scientists can do to reverse these effects? Researchers are looking into ways of reversing the ‘chemo brain’ effect. Many people who undergo chemotherapy will notice cognitive impairment and behavioral changes. This might include difficulty with movement. Some people refer to this effect as “chemo brain.” It can last for months or years, impacting people’s quality of life following cancer treatment. Researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine in California recently conducted a study to find out exactly how and why chemotherapy agents affect the brain, and to see whether or not there is any way to block or reverse that effect. The results — which appear in the journal Cell — appear to indicate that methotrexate, a common chemotherapy drug, affects the normal functioning of three important types of cell present in the brain’s white matter. Chemo brain’s impact The scientists also report learning that a drug currently undergoing clinical trials for other uses can address these ill effects in a mouse model. “It’s wonderful that [people who have undergone chemotherapy are] alive, but their […]
Doctors may find it hard to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease before the obvious symptoms set in, and many of the current tests for it are expensive and complicated. However, researchers recently devised a blood test that could accurately detect this condition. Recent research aimed to develop an accurate blood test to diagnose Alzheimer’s. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, the condition will affect an estimated 5.7 million people in the United States by 2050. Despite this, there are few ways of accurately diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease early on. These include MRI and CT scans, which help doctors rule out other conditions that might cause similar symptoms. Another way of diagnosing Alzheimer’s is by collecting cerebrospinal fluid and looking for biomarkers of the disease. This is the most accurate test for this neurodegenerative condition, but it is costly and invasive. For all these reasons, researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, MA, have been developing a blood test for Alzheimer’s that aims to be accurate, more cost-effective, and less unpleasant. In the study paper, which appears in the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia, the researchers explain that the test may be able to detect biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease before the appearance of obvious symptoms. […]
Baby acne is common and usually clears up on its own. Some rashes may need treatment, however, so it is important to know the difference between baby acne, rashes, and other skin problems. Babies have very sensitive skin, so caregivers may worry that spots or a rash are a sign of an allergic reaction or a health condition. In this article, we look at how to tell the difference between baby acne and common rashes, plus home remedies and how to prevent baby acne. What is baby acne? It is common for a baby to have acne on the face. Baby acne, or neonatal acne, is common and affects around 20 percent of newborns before they are 6 weeks old. It is most common on the face, but it can present on the neck, upper back, and chest. It is rare elsewhere on the body. In adults and teenagers, hormonal swings and clogged oil glands commonly cause acne. This might occur due to using makeup, sweating, and applying skin care products. Maternal hormones cause baby acne. Some babies are born with acne, while others develop it soon after birth. Baby acne often appears as whiteheads, or closed comedones. Some babies […]
Some research suggests a link between low vitamin D levels and a person’s risk of developing schizophrenia. New evidence indicates that this notion may be correct. A new study has investigated the link between low vitamin D levels and schizophrenia risk. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, schizophrenia is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and cognitive problems characterize schizophrenia. So far, however, researchers have been unable to find out exactly what causes this condition. That being said, they have identified some likely risk factors — such as the presence of certain sets of genes, or exposure to some viruses. Due to older research suggesting that schizophrenia might be more prevalent in regions with less sun, some scientists have hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency may also be a risk factor for this condition. A recent study led by teams from Aarhus University in Denmark and the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, has found that newborn babies with low vitamin D levels are more at risk of developing schizophrenia later on. “Much of the attention in schizophrenia research has been focused on modifiable factors early in life with the goal of […]
Breasts come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. There is no right or wrong. For some people, however, large breasts can get in the way of daily life. There is some evidence that large bra cup sizes are related to shoulder and neck pain. People may also want to reduce their breast size for cosmetic or psychological reasons. Genetics, body weight, and age can affect breast size. Hormonal changes due to pregnancy, medications, or thyroid issues can also have an impact. In this article, we look at a range of natural methods people can try that may decrease breast size or the appearance of breast size. Natural methods for reducing breast size It is possible to reduce breast size with exercise and diet changes. There are some natural options that may reduce breast size without surgery. Breasts contain mostly fat, so strategies that reduce overall body fat may work well. The right method for reducing breast size depends on a person’s overall health and the reason for large breasts, which could include hormonal conditions or obesity. People concerned about breast health may wish to see their doctor before making significant lifestyle changes. The following natural remedies may help […]
Libido, or sex drive, naturally varies between individuals. Having a low sex drive is not necessarily a problem, but if a person wishes to boost their libido, they can try a range of effective natural methods. Anxiety, relationship difficulties, health concerns, and age can all affect libido. While a low libido is not usually problematic, it can affect a person’s relationships and self-esteem. In this article, we look some of the best ways that males and females can increase their libido using natural methods. Natural ways to boost libido Both males and females can boost their libido using the following methods: 1. Manage anxiety Regular exercise and open communication can help prevent anxiety affecting libido. Having high levels of anxiety is a common barrier to sexual functioning and libido for both males and females. This may be anxiety due to life stress or specific sex-related anxiety. People with an intense work schedule, caring responsibilities, or other life stresses may feel fatigued and, as a result, have a low sexual desire. Anxiety and stress can also make it more difficult for someone to get or maintain an erection, which can put a person off having sex. A 2017 review of erectile […]
Before a blood cholesterol test, doctors typically advise that a person fast for several hours to get the most accurate results. However, a new study shows that in the case of people with diabetes, this approach could do more harm than good. New research explains why fasting before a blood test may not be such a good idea for people with diabetes. People with diabetes tend to have higher levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or “bad cholesterol.” This can lead to the excessive buildup of fat in the arteries. For this reason, doctors may recommend that these people have regular blood cholesterol tests. Current guidelines recommend that people do not eat or drink anything but water before a blood test, in order to not skew its results. However, increasingly, studies are suggesting that this step may not be necessary, and that it may actually cause harm in some cases. New research led by specialists at Michigan State University in East Lansing reports that fasting before a blood cholesterol test can give rise to low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, in individuals with diabetes who take insulin or sulfonylurea (a drug to manage type 2 diabetes). These findings, which now appear in […]
New research finds that both insufficient and excessive sleep may raise the risk of cardiovascular problems and premature death. New research finds that sleeping too much can raise the risk of early death and cardiovascular problems. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that a third of the United States population does not get enough sleep. The CDC also warn that sleep deprivation raises the risk of various chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and depression. But, according to new research appearing in the European Heart Journal, sleeping too much may affect health just as negatively as sleeping too little. Chuangshi Wang, a doctoral candidate at McMaster University in Ontario in Canada, and Peking Union Medical College at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in China, is the lead author of the new paper. The health consequences of too much sleep Wang and colleagues examined the sleeping habits of more than 116,000 people aged between 35 and 70 years who had enrolled in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. In their analysis, the researchers also included information about the participants’ socioeconomic status, lifestyle habits, physical activity, diet, use of various medications, and family history of […]
The liver is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, making glucose, and detoxing the body. It also stores nutrients and creates bile, which is necessary to digest and absorb the nutrients in food properly. There are many foods and drinks that a person can consume to help protect the liver. Liver health is vital for overall health. Liver dysfunction can lead to liver disease, metabolic disorder, and even type 2 diabetes. While it may be impossible to manage all risk factors, consuming certain foods and drinks may help promote liver health. In this article, we will cover the best foods for liver health, their beneficial effects for the organ, and some foods to avoid. Top foods and drinks for liver health Some of the best foods and drinks that are good for the liver include: 1. Coffee Drinking coffee offers protection against fatty liver disease. A 2013 review that appears in the journal Liver International suggests that over 50 percent of people in the United States consume coffee daily. Coffee appears to be good for the liver, especially because it protects against issues such as fatty liver disease. The review also notes that daily coffee intake may help reduce the risk […]
A sunken fontanel occurs when the soft spot on a baby’s skull becomes more deep set than usual. One of the major causes is dehydration. The human skull is made up from several bones that are connected by tough fibrous tissue called sutures. These sutures give the skull some flexibility, allowing the head to pass through the birth canal. Where several sutures meet, they create a fontanel. Fontanels make the skull flexible enough for the brain to grow. When a child is born, it will have several fontanels on the skull, but the ones on the back (posterior) and top (anterior) of its head are the most well-known. For many babies, only the larger anterior fontanel is open after birth. People refer to this fontanel as the soft spot. Sometimes, the smaller posterior fontanel is also open and may be felt at birth but soon closes. Over time, this flexibility becomes less necessary, so the fontanels close up, and sutures harden. The anterior fontanel should curve slightly inwards but remain relatively firm. It is not always visible, particularly under hair. In some cases, the dip may be very pronounced and noticeable. This is a sunken fontanel, which requires medical attention. […]
Valium and Xanax have uses in treating anxiety. Both are in a class of medications called benzodiazepines, which are sedatives. However, there are key differences in side effects and drug interactions. Here, we explore how these drugs work and compare their effects. Valium and Xanax are brand names for two types of medication for anxiety. The generic name for Valium is diazepam. The generic name for Xanax is alprazolam. Many anxiety symptoms result, to some extent, from a chemical imbalance in the brain. Medication can help change this imbalance. Sedatives slow down certain functions in the body. This can help a person sleep or make them feel calmer. The best choice of medication and the dosage and duration of treatment will be different for each individual. Similarities and differences Valium and Xanax are both medications for anxiety.Image credit: Dean812, 2007 Valium and Xanax are different medications. A doctor should help a person decide which is most suitable. People can take either medication as tablets or liquid, but adults usually only receive a prescription for pills. An individual tends to take Valium or Xanax one to four times per day, but the dosage will depend on the person’s needs and on […]
HIV is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, reducing its ability to fight off illnesses. While over 1.1 million people in the United States live with HIV, 1 in 7 are unaware of their condition. With treatment, some people with HIV can considerably reduce their risk of complications and have a life expectancy comparable to that of the general population. Without treatment, however, HIV may progress to stage 3 HIV, which is also known as AIDS. Having stage 3 HIV can put a person at risk of several complications, including the development of certain rare infections and cancers. In this article, we list the most common HIV complications and explain how treatment can prevent their onset. HIV complications and symptoms A person with HIV is at an increased risk of certain infections or cancers. People with HIV often experience an initial period of flu-like symptoms, followed by several years with few or no symptoms. This second phase, or stage 2 HIV, can last up to 10 years without treatment, or be life-long with treatment. Without treatment, however, HIV can progress to stage 3 HIV. People with stage 3 HIV are more susceptible to several types of infection, known […]
Bacteria could have a bigger involvement in cancer than scientists may have realized, according to recent research. A viral infection may be the cause of up to 20 percent of cancer cases. A study from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore has uncovered a type of bacterial infection that can disrupt DNA repair in cells, which is a known cause of cancer. The same type of infection could also weaken the effect of some anticancer drugs, says the PNAS report on the findings. “Currently,” comments senior study author Robert C. Gallo, who is a professor of medicine and director of the university’s Institute of Human Virology, “approximately 20 percent of cancers are thought to be caused by infection, most are known to be due to viruses.” The team began by investigating infections by a family of tiny bacteria that go by the name of mycoplasmas. These bacteria “are associated with cancers, especially in people with HIV,” explains Prof. Gallo, who was one of the scientists who discovered that HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. Mycoplasmas, DnaK, and cancer Mycoplasmas are among the smallest “free-living microorganisms.” They do not have a cell wall and, for a long […]
New research in mice finds that a single workout activates a brain circuit associated with a lower appetite, lower blood sugar levels, and better metabolism. Moreover, this effect lasted for 2 days after the workout. The findings may help improve blood sugar metabolism in people with diabetes. A single workout can offer long-lasting metabolic benefits. According to the most recent estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 100 million people in the United States are currently living with diabetes or prediabetes. In excess of 30 million U.S. adults have diabetes, and more than 84 million have prediabetes. According to the CDC, prediabetes can evolve into diabetes within 5 years. Controlling blood sugar levels with physical activity and diet is key to managing or preventing diabetes. However, new research suggests that we may need less physical activity than we might think to achieve these health benefits. Dr. Kevin Williams, a neuroscientist at the University of Texas Southwestern in Dallas, is the corresponding and last author of the new study. Dr. Williams and colleagues examined the effects of a single bout of exercise on two types of neurons in mice. The neurons make up the so-called melanocortin […]
In the pescatarian diet, a person’s main source of animal protein comes from fish and other seafood, such as shrimp. Eating a diet consisting mainly of plant-based foods has a variety of health benefits, which the addition of fish and fish products may enhance. However, some types of fish may absorb mercury from their environment, so certain people may need to limit their intake. In this article, we look at the potential health benefits of a pescatarian diet and what people can eat on this kind of diet. Health benefits of the pescatarian diet The pescatarian diet has many health benefits. Below, we cover some of these benefits. Heart health Eating fish provides omega-3 fatty acids, some of which are integral for healthy living. Eating fish, especially fatty fish, provides increased long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake. An omega-3 fatty acid is an unsaturated fat that can be beneficial to people, and some omega-3s are integral for healthy living. People who eat fish have lower blood pressure, a lower risk of abnormal heart rhythms, and fewer fatal heart attacks than those who do not include fish in their diet. Apart from fish, the pescatarian diet consists mainly of plant foods. According […]
A large review of existing neuroscientific studies unravels the brain circuits and mechanisms that underpin obsessive-compulsive disorder. The researchers hope that the new findings will make existing therapies more effective, “or guide new treatments.” New research analyzes the brain scans of almost 500 people to unravel the brain mechanisms in OCD. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition that affects more than 2 million adults in the United States. People with OCD often experience recurring, anxiety-inducing thoughts or urges — known as obsessions — or compulsive behaviors that they cannot control. Whether it is repeatedly checking if the door is locked or switching lights on and off, OCD symptoms are uncontrollable and can severely interfere with a person’s quality of life. Treatments for OCD include medication, psychotherapy, and deep brain stimulation. However, not everyone responds to treatment. In fact, reference studies have found that only 50 percent of people with OCD get better with treatment, and just 10 percent recover fully. This treatment ineffectiveness is partly down to the fact that medical professionals still do not fully understand the neurological roots of the condition. A new study, however, aims to fill this gap in research. Scientists led by Luke […]
Iron is an essential mineral for health. Although red meat and seafood are good sources of iron, many plant-based foods also contain plenty of this mineral. Numerous vegetables, legumes, and other foods contain a form of iron called nonheme iron, which accounts for the majority of people’s iron intake in the United States. The type of iron in animal products is called heme iron. Although the body can absorb it more easily, heme iron is not essential to the human diet. By selecting the right foods, people eating a vegetarian or vegan diet can meet their daily iron requirements without needing to take supplements. In this article, we list the best iron-rich vegetarian foods. We also provide some tips to help people maximize their iron absorption from nonheme sources. The following are some of the best iron-rich foods for vegetarians and vegans: Lentils Lentils are rich in iron and protein. Lentils are rich in iron, protein, and fiber, making them a great addition to a healthful diet. Each cup of cooked lentils contains 6.59 milligrams (mg) of iron and 17.86 grams (g) of protein. Lentils also contain many other nutrients, including B vitamins, magnesium, potassium, and zinc. Research suggests that […]
A prostatectomy is a type of surgery during which a surgeon will remove the prostate gland, often due to cancer. Following the operation, doctors use prostate-specific antigen testing to check for signs of cancer recurrence. The prostate gland produces low levels of a protein called prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Cancerous prostate cells also produce PSA. Doctors use PSA tests to check levels of PSA in a person’s blood. Higher levels of this protein can indicate a problem with prostate health, including prostate cancer. One treatment option for prostate cancer is a prostatectomy. During a radical prostatectomy, a surgeon will remove the prostate as well as some of the tissue around the gland. After a prostatectomy, it is normal for a person to continue having regular PSA tests. This helps doctors check that the surgical team removed the cancer successfully, and that it has not returned. In this article, we discuss why PSA testing is important after a prostatectomy and what the results can mean. We also cover treatment and prevention of rising PSA levels. Why is PSA testing important after prostatectomy? A doctor may recommend PSA testing to determine if the prostate cancer has returned after surgery. It is possible for […]
HIV is a viral infection that attacks the immune system and causes several symptoms and complications. Although people with HIV may experience hair loss, it is not a typical symptom. Other factors, such as medications and co-occurring conditions, may contribute to thinning hair. In this article, we look at the possible causes of hair loss in people living with HIV. Does HIV cause hair loss? People with HIV can experience thinning hair, but it may not be related to their illness. HIV does not typically cause hair loss in people who are receiving treatment and leading a healthy life. However, many people with HIV can experience thinning hair unrelated to the condition. Hair loss is a natural part of aging for many people. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, hereditary hair loss with age is the most common cause of hair loss in both men and women. People with HIV receiving medication now have a near-normal life expectancy. Many may experience hair loss as they grow older. The presence of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may also increase a person’s risk of hair loss. STIs such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and herpes often co-occur in people with HIV. Hair loss […]
Some scientists have identified possible links between alcohol intake and the risk of prostate cancer. However, more research is necessary to determine how drinking alcohol and prostate cancer might correlate. The prostate is part of the male reproductive system, and it sits just below the bladder. It surrounds the urethra, which is a tube that carries urine out of the body, and helps make semen. Other than skin cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United States. In this article, we cover the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of prostate cancer and consider its possible links with alcohol consumption. Can alcohol cause prostate cancer? There is no known link between alcohol and prostate cancer. According to the Prostate Cancer Foundation, there is no direct link between drinking alcohol and an increased risk of prostate cancer. Similarly, the American Cancer Society do not list alcohol as one of the known risk factors for prostate cancer. A 2016 review concluded that men who consume alcohol might have a higher risk of developing the disease than those who abstain, with the risk increasing in line with alcohol intake. However, the review included data from men reporting on their own […]
Scientists have created an experimental test that can detect cancer in less than 10 minutes. The test uses a DNA feature that seems to be common to all types of cancer and does not occur in healthy tissue. Study finds that various cancers share the same ‘DNA signature.’ A team at the University of Queensland in Australia has discovered that DNA fragments from cancer cells adopt a unique structure in water. The researchers uncovered the same “DNA signature” in samples of breast, prostate, and bowel cancer tissue as well as in lymphomas. From these results, they developed a test that can detect the apparently universal cancer DNA signature in less than 10 minutes. They also demonstrated that the test was up to 90 percent accurate over 200 samples of tissue and blood. Higher accuracy in a test means that it produces fewer false positives, which are results that suggest that cancer is present when it is not. The journal Nature Communications has now published a study paper about the test and how the scientists developed it. ‘Simple universal marker of cancer’ Should it prove effective in human trials, the test could mark the end of a long search for a […]
“She has blue eyes.” That was the first thing my dad said about me when I was born. He had blue eyes. It deeply saddens me to think that he was already looking for something that we had in common from the first moment he saw me. My thoughts would race from one thing to another. All babies have blue eyes at birth, but mine turned hazel. As long as he lived, my dad never knew that we actually did have something in common. We both had bipolar disorder. When I was a kid, my mom told me that my dad had “manic depression.” To me, that brought to mind a pot of boiling water with the lid vibrating and steam escaping, ready to explode at any moment. My dad would spend thousands of dollars on Rolex watches and high-end stereo equipment and then lock himself in his bedroom for days. One day, he would affectionately tease me until I giggled. The next day, he would angrily snap at me for no reason. He had outbursts that terrified me. I exhausted myself trying to make sense of his actions, always taking them personally. I was the girl with daddy issues, […]
New research, which features in the journal Neuron, shows that primates lose excitement in anticipation of a reward when a specific area of their brain becomes overactive. The study also shows that ketamine affects this brain region and prevents the loss of pleasure. A loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once exciting is one of the hallmarks of depression. Depression is “the leading cause of disability worldwide” and one of the most common mental health problems in the United States. The symptoms of major depression include depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities. Some people may also experience difficulty sleeping, eating, and focusing or have intrusive thoughts of death or taking their own life. The loss of interest, pleasure, or excitement in anticipation of activities that the individual once perceived as enjoyable is called anhedonia. The brain mechanisms that underpin anhedonia in depression have remained unclear until now, and this lack of knowledge has hindered the success of many antidepressant treatments. Now, a new study casts much-needed light on this symptom. Leading a team of researchers, professor Angela Roberts from the Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge, United […]
An upper respiratory infection, or the common cold, is an infection that affects the nasal passages and throat. Treatment is usually simple, unless a person also has a chronic respiratory condition such as asthma. For an upper respiratory infection (URI) to occur, a virus enters the body, usually through the mouth or nose. A person may transmit it through touch, or by sneezing and coughing. Any place where people gather in an enclosed space, such as a classroom, office, or home, can be a high-risk area for the spread of URIs. Typically, a URI lasts anywhere between 3 and 14 days. In some cases, URIs can develop into more serious conditions, such as sinus infections or pneumonia. In this article, we look at how to identify a URI, its potential causes, and the available treatments. What is a URI? A URI affects the nasal passages and throat. A URI is an infection that affects the upper air passages, including: the larynx, which is the muscular organ containing the vocal cords the nasal cavity, which is the space above and behind the nose the nasal passages, or the nostrils the pharynx, which is the cavity behind the nose and mouth Adults […]
People with HIV are now able to live long and healthy lives due to the development of very effective treatments. However, these people may be at higher risk of developing certain types of cancer due to HIV’s effect on the immune system. In this article, we will look at which types of cancer people living with HIV are at greater risk of developing. We also discuss how people with HIV can lower their cancer risk and how doctors treat cancer in these individuals. HIV and cancer risk People with HIV are at a higher risk of cervical cancer, lung cancer, and lymphoma. HIV affects the body’s immune system by specifically targeting CD4 cells, which are a type of white blood cell. If left untreated, HIV can reduce this cell count. Generally, the higher a person’s CD4 cell count, the better. Low levels of CD4 cells leave the body vulnerable to infections. Research from 2016 also shows that lower levels CD4 cells reduce the body’s ability to fight off early forms of cancer. People with HIV are at higher risk of certain cancers compared with individuals without HIV. These cancers include: Kaposi’s sarcoma Kaposi’s sarcoma is a rare form of cancer […]
Mood swings can be common in people with multiple sclerosis. The condition attacks the nerve cells, and a person may feel changes in their mental and physical health. Mood swings can take many forms that have different causes and treatment options. Some causes of mood swing have links to the disorder itself. Multiple sclerosis or MS is unpredictable, and people may never know when its symptoms will hit. This uncertainty may result in a shifting mood. Other causes are also possible. Addressing these mood changes is vital. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society note that people with MS tend to focus on their physical symptoms, and they may neglect their mental health. However, psychological health is vital to MS treatment. Possible causes Possible causes of mood swings for people with MS include: Grief Receiving a diagnosis of MS can cause depression and grief. When a person receives a diagnosis, they may notice their mood changes, or they may have mood swings. This can be a sign that they are grieving over the change in their life that comes with a diagnosis. People with a new diagnosis may find themselves overwhelmed with information about the condition. They may learn about some negative […]
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes limit the body’s ability to control the amount of glucose, or sugar, in the blood. Both types of diabetes present similar symptoms, so knowing the signs of each can help a person seek immediate and appropriate care. The two primary types of diabetes are called type 1 and type 2, with type 2 being the more common. People with either type cannot produce or effectively use enough of the hormone insulin to process and decrease the amount of sugar in the blood. As a result, their blood sugar levels can become dangerously high. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), around 1.25 million people have type 1 diabetes in the United States. Over 29 million people have type 2 diabetes, they suggest. In 2015, diabetes was the seventh leading causing of death in the U.S. The ADA estimate that in the same year, 84.1 million adults in the U.S. had prediabetes, or abnormally high blood sugar levels. For type 1, type 2, and prediabetes, it is important to identify the signs and symptoms early. This can help people seek early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to avoid the condition or its complications. Signs and symptoms […]
For millions of people who take statins to prevent the onset of cardiovascular disease, the potential harms of the cholesterol-lowering medication may outweigh the benefits. Statins may be ‘significantly overprescribed’ for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, suggests a new study. So concludes a recent modeling study from the University of Zurich in Switzerland that questions whether statins are “significantly overprescribed.” The research, which features in the Annals of Internal Medicine, concerns the use of statins for the “primary prevention” of cardiovascular disease in people with no history of the disease. A primary prevention measure is one that intervenes to prevent a condition before it can impact health. Vaccinations, for example, are primary prevention measures. Statins are some of the most prescribed classes of drugs worldwide. They work by blocking an enzyme called HMG-CoA reductase that helps the liver to make cholesterol. Most medical guidelines recommend the use of statins for people with no history of symptoms when their expected risk of developing cardiovascular disease over the next 10 years is 7.5–10 percent. Such a 10-year risk threshold places around 3 out of every 10 adults worldwide as eligible for treatment. However, the authors note that “whether and how guideline […]
Researchers have discovered that a particular drug combination may have a more significant effect against melanoma, a type of cancer that typically occurs in the skin, than other medications. New research finds that a novel drug combination may be more effective against some cancers than previous therapies. According to recent studies, one of the best ways of blocking melanoma is by administering protein kinase inhibitors, which prevent the action of certain specialized enzymes. The main downside of treating people with this type of cancer with protein kinase inhibitors is that they often acquire resistance to the drugs, making them ineffective. However, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, believe they may have found a way to boost the effect of protein kinase inhibitors and prevent resistance to them. The specialists suggest that combining protein kinase inhibitors with ribonuclease drugs could improve melanoma treatment. Ribonucleases can “unravel” RNA, a molecule that helps to encode and decode genes, as well as regulate gene expression. They also put up a “shield” against viral RNA, which is the genetic material of certain aggressive viruses. “We discovered that this ribonuclease drug could be paired favorably with other cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and not only […]
A lateral collateral ligament sprain occurs when the ligament on the outer side of the knee tears. This type of sprain is most common in people who play contact sports, such as football. While knee injuries represent up to 39 percent of all injuries in athletes, lateral ligament injuries are less common. Many lateral collateral ligament (LCL) injuries occur alongside other knee damage. The LCL connects the thighbone to the smaller calf bone. It controls the sideways movement of the knee, and, alongside the medial collateral ligament on the inner knee, it contributes to knee stability. In this article, we discuss the causes and symptoms of LCL sprains. We also list some methods of treating and preventing this injury. Causes Athletes who play contact sports are at risk of an LCL injury. An LCL sprain usually occurs when the knee pushes out beyond the usual range of motion. This overstretches and tears the ligament. An LCL sprain may have causes including: direct contact to the inside of the knee, such as in a collision or a tackle poor landing technique suddenly changing direction while running twisting the knee when the foot is stationary The following groups are more at risk […]
For the first time, researchers have identified two clusters of genes that appear to generate the neurological hallmarks of dementia. The discovery provides a new path toward drug discovery. Understanding the genetic mechanisms behind Alzheimer’s moves us ever closer to an effective treatment. Dementia is a growing concern throughout the Western world and beyond. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, around 5.7 million adults in the United States are living with Alzheimer’s, the most common form of dementia. By 2050, that figure is expected to rise to about 14 million. As the average lifespan extends, so does the reach of dementia. Currently, there is no cure for dementia and no way to slow its progress. Although many questions about dementia remain unanswered, our understanding is steadily growing. For instance, we know that a protein called tau plays an important role in a number of dementia types. Tau and dementia In healthy nerve cells, tau helps stabilize microtubules — the scaffolding that helps maintain the structure and rigidity of cells. In dementia, however, tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and clumps together in so-called neurofibrillary tangles. Scientists think that when tau is tangled, it damages nerve cells in at least two ways. Firstly, it can […]
Advances in medicine have made it possible for a person living with HIV to have an undetectable viral load with traditional blood testing methods. If HIV is undetectable over an extended period, it is also untransmittable. An undetectable viral load is when a person has so little of the virus in their blood that a test cannot identify it. While an undetectable viral load does not mean that a person’s HIV is cured, it does offer tremendous promise for a person’s overall health and for reducing viral transmission. In this article, learn more about what an undetectable viral load means, as well as how healthcare providers test for it. What is an undetectable viral load? A person with a high viral load has an increased chance of transmitting HIV via condomless sex or sharing needles. A viral load test is a blood test that measures the number of viral copies of HIV in a person’s blood. Typically, the higher a person’s viral load, the greater their chance of transmitting HIV if they have condomless sex or share needles. However, taking antiretroviral therapy can reduce the amount of viral copies in a person’s blood to levels that are so low that […]
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that help the body fight off infections. The test involves a doctor drawing blood. An eosinophil count may be either too high or too low, which may indicate an underlying condition, or it may be in the normal range. Learn more about eosinophil count here.
Recent research has broken new ground in the quest for a type 1 diabetes treatment that generates insulin-making cells. New research furthers our understanding of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Scientists from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and the Helmholtz Zentrum München in Neuherberg, Germany have mapped the signals that determine the destiny of progenitor cells in the pancreas. These immature cells can develop into either islet cells that make insulin or another type of cell. The journal Nature features a paper on the findings. This research reveals that pancreatic progenitor cells bounce around and that their immediate environment, or extracellular matrix, plays a strong role in deciding their fate. “We have now been able,” says Prof. Henrik Semb, senior author and director of the Institute of Translational Stem Cell Research at Helmholtz Zentrum München, “to map the signal that determines whether pancreatic progenitor cells will become endocrine, such as insulin-producing beta cells, or duct cells.” Type 1 diabetes and islet cells Insulin is a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose and use it to make energy. Diabetes develops when the body’s level of blood sugar is too high. This can happen either because there is not enough insulin […]
The first international review to compare night owls with early risers outlines the health risks associated with preferring late nights. However, these risks may not be set in stone. A recent review takes a fresh look at the impact of being a night owl. Most individuals fit one of two chronotypes: We are morning people or evening people. Either we prefer to stay up late — and are referred to as night owls — or we rise earlier and go to bed earlier. These patterns in circadian preferences are, to a certain extent, written in our genes. Over the years, the medical community has debated the health impacts associated with each chronotype, and the findings have not always been conclusive. To develop a clearer picture, a group of scientists from a number of institutions have conducted the most extensive review of relevant research to date. Their findings were published recently in the journal Advances in Nutrition. Sleeping, eating, and health The scientists were especially interested in understanding the relationship between circadian rhythms and eating patterns — called chrono-nutrition — and overall cardiometabolic health. Because modern life is often hectic, eating and sleeping patterns may frequently be disturbed. Exposure to artificial […]
Both snoring and obstructive sleep apnea could lead to earlier impairment of cardiac function in women, according to a new study. A recent study unlocks the health issues linked to snoring. “Snoring” refers to a sleeping pattern in which a person breathes while emitting a snorting or grunting sound. The National Sleep Foundation suggest that 90 million people in the United States snore. Snoring might become more dangerous as people age, and it can also lead to heart disease. There are different types of sleep apnea, but the most common is called obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). At least 18 million U.S. adults have sleep apnea. This condition affects breathing patterns while sleeping, causing a person to stop breathing and start again repeatedly. About half of people who snore loudly have OSA. When OSA occurs, the muscles in the throat that are responsible for keeping the airway open actually prevent the flow of air. According to a new study presented recently at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America — held in Chicago, IL — snoring and OSA may lead to earlier impairment of cardiac function in women than in men. Sleep apnea and heart disease? It is […]
When skin is wounded, the hair cannot regrow. In a recent study, researchers ask why this is and whether it can be reversed. They conclude that a signaling pathway called the sonic hedgehog may be critical. Though it may seem simple, hair regrowth is complex and mysterious. Hair loss comes in many forms. It can be a gradual, gene-driven loss known as male- or female-pattern baldness. Alternately, it may result from an injury, such as a burn or deep wound. However the hair has been lost, regrowing it is a technical challenge that has defied researchers since the dawn of science. In ancient Egypt, for instance, there was a range of unusual regrowth techniques, including rubbing hippopotamus fat into the scalp. Although science has moved on, it is still only inching toward a solution to hair loss. The latest study to investigate regrowth was headed by cell biologist Mayumi Ito, Ph.D., an associate professor at the New York University Langone Health center in New York City. Her team’s findings were published this week in the journal Nature Communications. Finding a new target The scientists wanted to look for changes in the signaling pathways of damaged skin. In particular, they were […]
Scientists have suggested a way to improve treatments that use viruses to attack cancer. It exploits the fact that cancer cells need a lot of glucose and must metabolize it rapidly to survive. Cutting down cancer cells’ sugar supply could make them more vulnerable to treatment. Oncolytic viruses specifically target and enter cancer cells and use the cells’ machinery for their own multiplication and spread. They destroy tumors from the inside without harming nearby healthy tissue. A recent study proposes that restricting the cancer cells’ supply of glucose, and altering their ability to metabolize it, may strengthen the power of oncolytic viruses. The research team, at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, used mouse models and cells from ovarian, lung, and colon tumors in order to demonstrate the effect. Cancer Research UK sponsored the study, and a paper on the work features in the journal Cancer Research. “Our research in the lab,” says lead study author Arthur Dyer, who is currently a Ph.D. student in the university’s oncology department, “showed that restricting the amount of sugar available to cancer cells makes these cancer-attacking oncolytic viruses work even better.” Cancer cells need lots of glucose All cells need glucose […]
New research shows that deep brain stimulation can tackle treatment-resistant depression. Stimulating a brain area called the orbitofrontal cortex led to “significant” improvements in mood for people with moderate to severe depression. Using DBS to target certain key areas may relieve symptoms of severe depression. Major depressive disorder affects over 16 million adults per year in the United States and is the “leading cause of disability worldwide.” A significant proportion of people who are living with major depression do not get any relief from existing treatments. In fact, up to 30 percent of those affected by depression have an intractable form of the condition. Recently, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a potential therapy that may succeed where other treatments have failed. In DBS, specialists surgically implant stimulating electrodes in the brain to send electrical currents to targeted areas. In the new study, Dr. Eddie Chang and his colleagues used DBS in 25 people who had symptoms of depression. They report their findings in the journal Current Biology. Dr. Chang is also a professor of neurosurgery at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF). Studying depression and key brain areas Dr. Chang explains what made the researchers focus on […]
Researchers find a higher risk of coronary events during the 3 months after an infection. The body’s immune response, they suggest, may explain why infections “trigger” heart attack and stroke. Scientists encourage everyone to have their flu shots this year, as simple influenza viruses may trigger cardiovascular events. The term cardiovascular disease (CVD) covers a range of conditions: from heart attack and heart disease to stroke, hypertension, and heart failure. As many as 84 million people in the United States are living with one of the conditions above, and 2,200 people die every day as a result. Several factors may raise the risk of cardiovascular conditions. Some of these factors are modifiable, such as smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. Other factors, such as sex, race, age, and family history, cannot be modified. However, there are also a number of “acute” risk factors, or triggers, that can lead to CVD. Some research has linked urinary infections and pneumonia, for instance, with the risk of having heart attacks and stroke. A new study, published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, zooms in on the link between infections and adverse cardiovascular events. Dr. Kamakshi Lakshminarayan, a neurologist and associate […]
New research conducted in mice identifies a neural pathway crucial to both depression and addiction. Can we treat these problems by simply manipulating this pathway? Can we influence brain circuitry to treat depression and addiction? The pleasure and reward system is one of the most important systems governed by the brain. It spurs us to enjoy the activities that have contributed to our survival as a species, such as eating, drinking, and having sex, so that we feel motivated to pursue them. The activity of the reward system, however, is also a key factor in various types of addictive behavior. Now, a team of researchers from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore — led by Prof. Scott Thompson, Ph.D. — has discovered that brain regions involved in addiction may also play a role in depression, albeit in an opposite way. The researchers, who recently published their findings in the journal Nature, identified an increased strength of signals sent between the hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens — two brain regions that form part of the reward system — as a sign of addiction. “These two parts of the brain are known to be important in processing rewarding experiences,” […]
Viral load refers to the amount of HIV in a person’s blood. HIV treatments aim to reduce the viral load until the virus is no longer detectable, which mean it is also untransmittable. In this article, we discuss what viral load means for people living with HIV and their partners, the links between viral load and CD4 levels, and how doctors test and monitor these levels. What is HIV viral load? The viral load is the amount of HIV in a person’s blood. Doctors define the viral load as the number of HIV copies in a milliliter of blood (copies/ml). Doctors initially use the viral load to check the status of HIV after diagnosis, then to monitor the success of HIV treatments. When a person contracts HIV the virus replicates in their blood. The more copies of the virus there are, the higher a person’s viral load. If there is a high number of copies in the blood, this suggests that there is also a high number in other bodily fluids, such as vaginal fluid and semen. The main aim of HIV treatments is to reduce the viral load to the point where there are so few copies of the […]
Mouth sores, also known as ulcers, are a common symptom of HIV. Mouth sores can have a profound impact on a person’s quality of life if they do not get treatment. People living with HIV are more likely to develop oral health problems because the virus can weaken the immune system, which makes it harder to fight infection. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 40–50 percent of people living with HIV have oral infections that can cause complications in the mouth, including sores. Mouth sores can be painful and make eating, swallowing, and taking medications more challenging. In this article, we look at the causes and treatment of mouth sores in people living with HIV. We also cover some general prevention tips and when to see a doctor. Pictures Oral herpes Oral herpes can cause painful red sores on the lips, gums, tongue, and inside of the cheeks. These lesions are commonly known as cold sores or fever blisters, and they result from infection with the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Additional symptoms may include: fever fatigue muscle aches swollen or painful lymph nodes a burning or tingling sensation near the sores Anyone can get oral herpes, but HIV […]
Shingles is a common condition. People with compromised immune systems are more likely to experience shingles, and this includes some people with HIV. In this article, we look at the link between shingles and HIV, possible complications, and treatments. How are shingles and HIV related? A person with HIV can lower their risk of developing shingles by maintaining their treatment. People with HIV are more likely to experience shingles, and shingles-related complications, than the general population. Shingles causes a painful, itchy rash. It develops from the herpes varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes chickenpox. This virus can lay dormant in the body for years without symptoms. Anyone who has had chickenpox could develop shingles, which includes around 98 percent of adults in the United States. The immune system usually suppresses the varicella-zoster virus and prevents outbreaks. However, if a person has a compromised immune system, they may experience shingles symptoms. A person with HIV may have reduced immune system function if they: have not received treatment are in the earlier stages of treatment have stage 3 HIV HIV specifically targets and destroys CD4 immune system cells. Having fewer CD4 cells and more HIV in the blood can […]
One of the earliest indications of an HIV infection can be a fever. A fever in early-stage HIV infection may be a symptom of the virus rapidly multiplying in the body. A fever usually occurs within 2 to 4 weeks of exposure to the virus. Sometimes, a person may mistake a fever and other symptoms for those of the flu, a sore throat, or even mononucleosis. This article will help a person identify if their fever could be related to an acute HIV infection. Symptoms and causes When a person contracts HIV, they will usually develop a fever. When a person contracts HIV, their body launches an immune system response. Doctors call this phase seroconversion or an acute HIV infection. A fever is an increase in the body’s temperature that is one way it tries to kill off harmful pathogens. The fever is usually the first of several other symptoms that may also occur. A person might have a low-grade fever of 100°F or a fever higher than 101.5°F. Between 40 and 90 percent of people have an acute reaction, such as a fever, following exposure to HIV, but some people may not have symptoms, initially. At this time, HIV […]
Recent research has uncovered how light-sensitive cells in the eye can reset the internal clock when exposed to light. The light from our smartphones may affect our retinal cells, disrupting our circadian rhythms. The discovery could help explain why prolonged exposure to light that is out of sync with a person’s natural, or circadian, rhythm can disrupt sleep and damage health. This can result, for example, from sustained light exposure late at night. The researchers, from the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, CA, hope that their findings will lead to improvements in the treatment of insomnia, jet lag, migraines, and circadian rhythm disorders. The team has published their findings in the journal Cell Reports. Scientists have found that circadian rhythm disorders are tied to serious health issues, including metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cancer, obesity, and cognitive dysfunction. Because we use artificial sources of light, our sleep-wake cycles are no longer tied to patterns of day and night. Thanks to portable technologies, such as smartphones and tablets, the opportunities to become absorbed in screen time, day or night, have never been greater. “This lifestyle,” says senior study author Prof. Satchidananda Panda, “causes disruptions to our circadian rhythms and […]
In a new study involving people over 70 who have exercised regularly for years, scientists discovered that the participants’ hearts, lungs, and muscles were in equivalent shape to those of people in their 40s. Regular exercise could help keep the body young, new research shows. Researchers from the Human Performance Laboratory at Ball State University in Muncie, IN recently assessed the physical condition of people in their 70s who have been exercising regularly for decades. The team compared the health measurements of these participants with those of their more sedentary peers and with the measurements of healthy people in their 20s. Specifically, the investigators measured heart and lung capacity, as well as muscle fitness. They have published their findings in the Journal of Applied Physiology. “‘Exercise wins’ is the take-home message. We saw that people who exercise regularly year after year have better overall health. These 75-year-olds — men and women — have similar cardiovascular health to a 40–45-year-old.” Lead researcher Scott Trappe, director of the Human Performance Laboratory Leisure exercise can keep you young The researchers worked with three types of participants: seven women and 21 men in their 70s who exercised regularly, 10 women and 10 men in […]
Fairy lights are gracing the shop windows and Michael Bublé is dominating the airwaves with his rendition of “Winter Wonderland.” The holiday season is well and truly in full swing. Taking some time for yourself can do wonders for easing holiday stress. “Are you all set for the holidays?” I’ve been asked this question three times this week — a classic example of festive chitchat in the United Kingdom. The short answer? No. With fewer than 4 weeks to go, I’ve purchased a total of three gifts, including one box of candy that will undoubtedly be opened prior to its intended date of consumption and will need to be replaced. There was once a time when I would have become stressed if I had failed to purchase and wrap all my gifts by the first week of December. Simply the thought of the abundance of social events I’d need to attend would have made me anxious. In recent years, however, I’ve learned to better deal with the stresses that accompany the festive season. My tips include going for a stroll or taking 5 minutes of “me time” to listen to a favorite song or treat myself to some cocoa. Earlier […]
New research published in the European Heart Journal suggests that even people with no signs of cardiovascular disease should exercise to prevent a heart attack. Cardiorespiratory fitness can be a predictor of future problems, warn the researchers. Even fit and healthy people should exercise regularly to keep heart disease at bay. Heart disease remains the leading cause of death among men and women in the United States, responsible for the deaths of around 610,000 people each year. Coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease, which often results in a heart attack. However, even healthy people might be at risk of a heart attack, new research points out. Even if someone has no signs of cardiovascular problems, low cardiorespiratory fitness may predict future heart disease. For this reason, healthy individuals should exercise regularly to keep heart disease at bay. Jon Magne Letnes, Ph.D., of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, is the lead author of the new paper. Studying cardiorespiratory fitness levels Letnes and colleagues analyzed the cardiorespiratory fitness of 4,527 “healthy and fit” individuals who enrolled in the large HUNT3 study in 2006–2008. As part of the study, the participants ran on […]
It is possible to make saline solution at home by mixing together certain amounts of salt and water. When prepared correctly, homemade saline solution is similar to distilled water. For this reason, it is safe to use in the nose as a sinus rinse and as an eye rinse. A person can also use saline solution to rinse contact lenses, piercings, and cuts or scrapes, but this will not sterilize them. In this article, we discuss how to make 0.9 percent saline solution, its uses, and how to store it. Instructions for homemade saline solution People can use homemade saline solution to rinse the sinuses and eyes. Homemade saline solution requires the following: 4 cups of distilled or boiled (for at least 20 minutes) water 2 teaspoons (tsp) of noniodized salt an airtight storage container with a lid, such as a bottle a mixing utensil To make a smaller batch, use 1 cup of water with one-quarter tsp of salt. If using tap water, boil it first for at least 20 minutes to sterilize the water and remove any bacteria and chemicals. Let it cool before use. Avoid using sea salt, as it contains additional minerals. To make saline solution […]
Pain in the upper back is usually the result of poor posture, muscle overuse, or injury. Treatment may include home remedies, such as rest and gentle exercises, or possibly seeing a physical therapist. The upper back is the area between the base of the neck and the bottom of the ribcage. There are 12 bones that make up the upper back, which doctors call the thoracic spine. The first bone of the upper back begins at the base of the neck, and the 12th bone ends just below the ribcage. Upper back pain can appear anywhere between these bones. Most people describe upper back pain as a burning or pulling sensation in one place, which may be the location of injury or strain. Common causes of upper back pain Though it is less common than lower back pain or neck pain, a study posted to Occupational Medicine indicated that 1 in 10 men and 1 in 5 women might suffer from upper back pain. Doctors call upper back pain thoracic spine pain or TSP. Common causes include the following: 1. Muscle deconditioning and poor posture Using the muscles infrequently or incorrectly can cause back pain. People can condition their muscles […]
A new study reveals that pulsed radiofrequency may help patients with low back pain that has not responded to conservative therapy. Pulsed radiofrequency treatment may relieve low back pain. Low back pain affects millions of people worldwide. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in the United States, about 80 percent of adults experience low back pain at some point. This type of pain can range in intensity, from a constant dull ache to an abrupt sharp sensation. It may result from muscle strains or from underlying conditions, such as a herniated disk or sciatica. For most people, the pain is acute, lasting up to a few weeks. However, in about 20 percent of people with acute low back pain, the pain becomes chronic, lasting for 12 weeks or longer. In 2009, authors of a study that had been conducted over 14 years determined that the prevalence of chronic low back pain has risen significantly — resulting in high levels of disability and missed work days. According to new research, an alternative technique called pulsed radiofrequency can safely and effectively relieve acute lower back pain that had not responded to conservative treatments. The study’s authors, from Sapienza […]
A recent article raises important questions about the prevalence of firearms in the aging population of the United States. The authors argue that there is a vital need to discuss the relationship between dementia and guns. A recent article investigates the issue of gun ownership in an aging population. Gun ownership is a controversial topic, and people are sure to continue debating it for many years to come. This debate often focuses on young men and violent crime, but a recent article investigates the other end of the age spectrum. Older adults are more likely to own a gun than younger people. An estimated 27 percent of people over the age of 65 years own at least one gun, while 37 percent live in a home where a firearm is present. A seemingly unrelated but equally hot topic is the rise of dementia. Dementia and firearms As dementia occurs almost exclusively later in life, the longer that people live, the more prevalent it becomes. Currently, around 5.7 million people in the U.S. are living with Alzheimer’s disease. Although Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia, it only accounts for 60–80 percent of all dementia cases. A recent article in […]
It is not possible to transmit or contract AIDS, which is advanced or stage 3 HIV. There are many myths about HIV transmission, but debunking them can give people a better understanding of what precautions to take and when to see a doctor. Innovations in testing and treatment have greatly reduced the risk of contracting HIV and helped those with HIV live long and healthy lives. In this article, we look at some common misconceptions about HIV transmission. It is vital to remember that undergoing HIV treatment makes it very unlikely that a person will transmit the virus to somebody else. If a person suspects that they could have the virus or have risk factors, they may wish to talk to their doctor about testing. Myth 1: A person can contract HIV from touching someone who has it It is not possible to transmit or contract HIV by touching. Fact: People cannot transmit or contract HIV simply by touching. Shaking hands, hugging, high-fiving, or other types of physical contact will not transmit the virus. A person can only contract the virus if they come into contact with the following fluids from a person who already has HIV: blood breast milk […]
Hyponatremia occurs when sodium levels in the blood are too low. Symptoms include lethargy, confusion, and fatigue. It can result from underlying conditions, such as kidney failure, or other factors, such as drinking too much water or taking certain medications. Sodium is an electrolyte that plays an essential role in regulating the levels of water and other substances in the body. The definition of a low sodium level is below 135 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). As the condition worsens, people may experience symptoms, such as: vomiting muscle twitches seizures Severe hyponatremia occurs when levels drop below 125 mEq/L. Health issues arising from extremely low sodium levels may be fatal. Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder that doctors encounter. Research suggests that approximately 1.7 percent of people in the United States have the condition. It is more prevalent among people with cancer. Symptoms Hyponatremia can cause fatigue and headaches. Mild hyponatremia may not cause symptoms. When symptoms occur they include: confusion sluggishness a headache fatigue and low energy nausea restlessness If the condition worsens, it can cause severe symptoms, particularly in older adults. Severe symptoms may include: vomiting muscle weakness, spasms, and twitching seizures coma Hyponatremia can result in death […]
Sinus congestion occurs when a condition causes fluid to become trapped in the sinuses, making them feel blocked and painful. Many natural home remedies can help a person feel better, including hydration, steam inhalation, and applying a warm, wet towel to the face. A virus or cold is the most common cause of sinus congestion, but a bacterial infection can also occasionally cause it. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a person with sinus congestion may experience: This article looks at six simple, natural home remedies for sinus congestion, as well as when to see a doctor. Home remedies There are many home remedies that a person can try to help relieve sinus congestion. These include: 1. Staying hydrated The mucous membranes can become inflamed during sinus congestion. However, staying hydrated can help the membrane function correctly. Drinking plenty of water and other fluids may help relieve the symptoms of sinus congestion. A person may find that keeping a water bottle close to them throughout the day can encourage them to drink more. 2. Breathing in steam Inhaling steam can help with sinus congestion. Breathing in steam can help keep the mucous membranes moist. This is […]
Scientists have developed a promising strategy for defeating certain types of cancer cell that survive chemotherapy. New research finds a way to tackle treatment-resistant cancer cells. The team of researchers tested this new approach in a type of lung cancer in which the cells are able to evade chemotherapy. In fact, exposure to chemotherapy can alter the cells so much that they become very difficult to treat. Dr. Gaetano Gargiulo, group leader at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association in Germany, led the recent research, which reveals a potential way around this problem. The Journal of Experimental Medicine has published a paper on the work. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and the leading cause of death from cancer. WHO figures for 2018 estimate that 2.09 million people are living with lung cancer and that the disease will cause 1.76 million deaths during this year. Surviving cancer cells can change Lung cancer is not one disease but several. The vast majority of people with lung cancer have non-small cell lung cancer, and there are several subtypes within this type. Chemotherapies that work by stopping […]
close
The information contained within this website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Members contribute personal experiences by sharing what did or didn’t work to address their concern and help educate others which may expedite recovery. As such, always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions about your medical condition. Do not disregard professional medical advice or delay seeking advice or treatment because of something you have read here.
Almost one in three people will develop shingles in their lifetime. There are roughly one million cases reported in the United States annually. Even though you may be living a healthy lifestyle, you could still be at risk.
What causes Shingles?
Recent Comments