Kava kava is an herbal remedy that some people use to relieve stress and anxiety and boost sleep. This plant extract has a calming, euphoric effect that some people compare with that of alcohol. Kava kava, or simply kava, has a long history of use in alternative medicine and traditional ceremonies. More recently, it has found a place in some clinical research studies. People traditionally mix kava kava with water or boil it into a tea, but it can also come as a tablet. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), kava kava has a mild anxiety-reducing effect, but it may also cause severe liver damage. It is still legal to sell kava kava in the United States, but the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggest that people should use it with caution. Many researchers still advocate for its use and aim to establish safer ways of taking kava kava. This article will explore the uses, benefits, and safety of kava kava. What is kava kava? People use kava kava for its relaxing properties. Kava kava comes from the Piper methysticum plant, which is native to islands of the Pacific Ocean. Traditionally, people made a paste from the […]

Asking older adults how much they weighed in the past can help to predict their risk of heart failure, according to recent research. New research found that asking seniors how much they weighed in their 20s and 40s accurately predicted heart failure risk. Ideally, doctors treating older people would have ready access to accurate weight histories from lifelong medical records. In reality, however, medical records tend not to accompany people as they change their primary care doctors. After studying more than 6,000 older adults, researchers from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, MD, concluded that just asking older individuals how much they weighed when they were 20 and 40 years old could help predict their risk of heart failure. “Self-reported lifetime weight,” they write in a report of the study that features in the Journal of the American Heart Association, “is a low-tech tool easily utilized in any clinical encounter.” While unlikely to be as accurate as clinically recorded weight, they found that self-reported weight, over and above current body mass index (BMI), could be a good predictor of heart failure risk. Obesity and heart failure Previous studies have shown that the more years that individuals spend with […]

Many anecdotes and some studies suggest that meditation can be a powerful tool for mental and physical health. New research shows that it may have yet another benefit: to help us learn faster from past experiences. According to new findings, meditation alters the way in which we learn. In a new study, researchers from the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom focused on one particular type of meditation — “focused attention meditation” — and whether it affects how a person learns. This meditation practice requires a person to focus their attention on a particular object — a burning candle or one’s own breath, for instance — and maintain that focus for a period of time. People often use focused attention meditation as a gateway into other types of meditation, as it is easier to learn and to practice. “Meditation is a powerful tool for the body and the mind; it can reduce stress and improve immune function,” says study co-author Prof. Bertram Opitz. But can it also help us train our minds to learn faster from feedback or information acquired through past experiences? Prof. Opitz and Paul Knytl, who is a doctoral student at the University of Surrey, suggest […]

New research, published in the journal Cell Reports, finds a drug combination that kills cancer cells by depleting them of energy. In order to multiply, cancer cells need a lot of energy. Metformin is a common drug in the fight against type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood sugar by slowing the release of glucose from the liver and the absorption of sugar from food in the gut. The drug also treats insulin resistance by sensitizing the body’s cells to insulin, as well as treating obesity and aiding weight loss in people who do not have diabetes or prediabetes. Recently, scientists have brought more uses of the drug to light. Physicians prescribe metformin to help treat polycystic ovary syndrome, and some researchers have suggested that the drug may improve fertility and help regulate menstrual cycles. Some have even suggested that metformin may improve longevity. Animal studies have found that the drug may influence the metabolic processes associated with aging and age-related conditions, and clinical trials of metformin’s effects on human lifespan are currently under way. Around 2 years ago, researchers from the Biozentrum at the University of Basel in Switzerland found that metformin, in combination with a blood pressure drug, can […]

Snake bites are not common in the United States, where they are very rarely fatal. Not all species of snake are venomous. Knowing which snake has bitten a person will help with treatment. The injuries that snake bites can cause range from mild to severe, but the chance of dying from one in the U.S. is virtually zero. People can usually survive venomous snake bites if they seek immediate medical attention. All snake bites require medical attention, even if the snake is nonvenomous. Proper wound care can help prevent infection and limit how severe the injury becomes. It is vital never to assume that a snake is nonvenomous without first consulting an expert. The misclassification of snake species could be fatal. In this article, we discuss snake bite symptoms and explain how to identify venomous and nonvenomous snakes in the U.S. We also cover treatment and first aid for snake bites. Fast Facts: About 7,000–8,000 people get venomous snake bites in the U.S. each year, but only five of them die as a result. All venomous snakes in North America are either pit vipers or coral snakes. The vast majority of venomous bites are from pit vipers, and 50 percent […]

Poppers are a liquid drug that can give an instant high when inhaled. Other names for it are amyl nitrate, butyl nitrite, and liquid gold. The effects of poppers appear quickly and include dizziness, warm sensations, an increased heart rate, and headaches. Poppers have a widespread recreational use. The drug can cause euphoric effects and act as a sex enhancer by relaxing the anal muscles. Poppers are sometimes marketed as room deodorizers or leather cleaners, although people rarely use them for these purposes. Although intense, most of the euphoric effects wear off quickly, typically within a few seconds or minutes. The drug is unsafe for people to take. Safety Inhaling poppers can cause irregular and rapid heart rhythms. Inhaling poppers can cause severe effects, and may be fatal. Taking the drug in this way can cause irregular and rapid heart rhythms and result in a syndrome called “sudden sniffing death.” Also, poppers can have other complications that are potentially fatal. For example, the drug can cause methemoglobinemia, a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body produces too much methemoglobin, a substance in red blood cells. Taking poppers may also lead to serious brain or eye damage and risky sexual behavior. […]

A recent study has put the Mediterranean diet to the test once more, attempting to unpick the molecular mechanisms that produce its benefits. More good news for advocates of the Mediterranean diet. Inspired by the traditional eating patterns of people from Greece, Italy, and Spain, the Mediterranean diet can seemingly do no wrong. In a nutshell, the diet is rich in plants and olive oil but low in meat and sugary products. Over the years, studies have concluded that this eating pattern lowers the risk of various health issues, including coronary heart disease and stroke. Studies have even concluded that the Mediterranean diet might extend lifespan in older adults as well as reduce the risk of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Evidence is mounting for its health benefits, but scientists still do not know exactly how these benefits come about. The Mediterranean black box A new study published in JAMA Network Open asks the following question: “Is the Mediterranean diet […] associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in a [United States] population, and, if so, what are the underlying mechanisms?” As corresponding study author Dr. Samia Mora explains, “While prior studies have shown benefit for the Mediterranean diet on […]

The menstrual cycle can cause many symptoms, including sore breasts. Hormone fluctuations before a period can lead to breast tenderness or pain. Doctors do not fully understand what causes these breast symptoms, but they know that specific hormones are involved. People can take some measures to reduce breast discomfort. However, if their breast pain becomes severe or they have signs of a breast infection, they should seek medical attention. What causes sore breasts before a period? Breast pain is a common symptom of menstruation. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), hormone changes due to menstruation are the most common cause of breast pain. A reduction in the levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone before a period can cause sore breasts. These changes can also cause lymph node swelling, which may contribute to breast pain too. There may also be an association between breast pain and a hormone called prolactin. This hormone stimulates breast milk production in women following childbirth. It is present in the body of females, and it can affect the breasts even if a woman has not recently given birth. Breast pain may also occur around the time of ovulation, which is when an […]

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that helps heal damaged tissues and resolve infections. Neutrophil blood levels increase naturally in response to infections, injuries, and other types of stress. They may decrease in response to severe or chronic infections, drug treatments, and genetic conditions. Neutrophils help prevent infections by blocking, disabling, digesting, or warding off invading particles and microorganisms. They also communicate with other cells to help them repair cells and mount a proper immune response. The body produces neutrophils in the bone marrow, and they account for 55–70 percent of all white blood cells in the bloodstream. A normal overall white blood cell level in the bloodstream for an adult is somewhere between 4,500 and 11,000 per millimeters cubed (mm3). When there is an infection or another source of inflammation in the body, special chemicals alert mature neutrophils, which then leave the bone marrow and travel through the bloodstream to the site in need. Unlike some other cells or blood components, neutrophils can travel through junctions in the cells that line blood vessel walls and enter into tissues directly. In this article, we look at the reasons for high or low neutrophil levels, how doctors can test […]

New research suggests that the loss of two genes may drive an aggressive form of colorectal cancer, and proposes a combination of two compounds that may halt tumor growth. The reduced expression of two genes may explain the development of colon cancer. According to to the American Cancer Society (ACS), colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death among both men and women in the United States. Up to 35 percent of colorectal cancer cases evolve from so-called serrated polyps. Polyps are growths found inside the colon, which may or may not develop into cancer. Colorectal cancers that arise from serrated polyps are often more difficult to treat, so identifying serrated colon cancers early on is crucial for improving a person’s outlook. New research, published in the journal Immunity, suggests that losing two specific genes drives serrated polyps. The findings may lead to new biomarkers for this type of cancer. Jorge Moscat, Ph.D., a director and professor in the Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program at Sanford Burnham Prebys (SBP) Medical Discovery Institute in La Jolla, CA, is the senior author of the paper. The findings also shed light on […]

LEEP stands for loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Doctors perform them to detect or treat cervical cancer. During a LEEP, an electrical current passes through a loop of wire. A doctor uses the wire to cut abnormal cells from the cervix. They send a sample of these cells to a laboratory to detect signs of cancer or other conditions. This article will describe what to expect during a LEEP, as well as the side effects and recovery. Uses A doctor may suggest a LEEP if a person is experiencing cervix- or vagina-related issues. A LEEP can help diagnose or treat cervical cancer. A doctor may suggest a LEEP if a person is having symptoms that indicate a problem with the cervix or vagina. They may also suggest a LEEP if they find abnormalities during a pelvic examination or a Pap smear. The purpose of a LEEP is to extract abnormal cells for further testing. The results will inform a doctor about whether a person has an underlying illness and what steps they should take next. A LEEP can help distinguish between precancerous cells and other abnormal cell types, such as polyps. Precancerous cells are abnormal cells that may eventually develop into […]

Dry skin patches can have many causes, including allergies, dermatitis, and psoriasis. Determining the cause of dry skin allows a person to find the right treatment. Dry skin is a common problem during the winter months, when the skin is exposed to colder temperatures and lower levels of moisture in the air. In these cases, using moisturizer is often enough to soothe and eliminate dry skin patches. However, some people experience chronic, or long-lasting, dry skin. This can indicate an underlying medical condition that would benefit from treatment. In this article, we describe some common medical conditions and other factors that can cause dry skin and how to deal with them. Causes of dry skin patches The skin can become dry, scaly, or flaky for many everyday reasons, such as being exposed to chemicals in soaps or harsh, windy weather. Other causes of dry skin include: In many cases, a person can alleviate the symptom by applying the right lotion to the affected area regularly and avoiding cleaning and personal care products that contain harsh chemicals. In some cases, however, dry skin patches require specific treatment. Skin conditions can become worse in cold weather, including dermatitis, which broadly refers to […]

Scaling skin is dry, cracked, or flaky skin. Also known as desquamation, scaling skin happens when the outer layer of the skin, called the epidermis, begins to flake off. Scaling skin may arise when an injury or a medical condition damages the outer layer of skin. Some conditions interfere with the structure and moisture content of the skin or cause the body to produce extra skin, which can lead to dry or flaky skin. Scaling skin is a symptom of many medical conditions, including psoriasis, contact dermatitis, eczema, and fungal skin infections. Some causes can lead to health complications if left untreated. Commonly affected areas include the face, legs, and hands. Continue reading to find out what causes scaling skin, how to identify the condition with our picture guide, treatment options, and when to see a doctor. Pictures of scaling skin Contact dermatitis Image credit: Floreana, 2010. Contact dermatitis Image credit: Lauren Jill Ahrold, 2008. Psoriasis Image credit: Alborz Fallah, 2013. Psoriasis Image credit: Alborz Fallah, 2013. Psoriasis Image credit: James Heilman, MD, 2010. Atopic dermatitis Image credit: Assianir, 2013. Atopic dermatitis Image credit: Gzzz, 2010. Dyshidrotic eczema Image credit: Eugene Alvin Villar, 2008. Dyshidrotic eczema Image credit: La belle […]

A woman can develop high blood pressure, or hypertension, at any point during pregnancy. High blood pressure is affecting more and more pregnant women. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the number of pregnant women who developed high blood pressure in the United States almost doubled between 1993 and 2014. High blood pressure affects an estimated 6–8 percent of pregnancies in women aged 20–44 in the U.S. If left untreated, high blood pressure can lead to serious health complications for the mother, her infant, or both. In most cases, however, hypertension is preventable and treatable. In this article, we will discuss the different types of high blood pressure that a woman can develop during pregnancy, the risk factors and complications of high blood pressure, and how to prevent and treat high blood pressure during pregnancy. Types of hypertension in pregnancy A woman may experience chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, or preeclampsia during pregnancy. According to the CDC, blood pressure measurements that are greater than or equal to 140/90 millimeters of mercury indicate high blood pressure. Women can experience one of three types of high blood pressure during pregnancy: chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, or preeclampsia. A person may […]

The pelvis is the area of the body below the abdomen or belly. There are many different organs and structures in the pelvis, including blood vessels, nerves, reproductive structures, bladder and urinary structures, and the bowel and rectum. There are many different causes of pain in the pelvis. In this article, we investigate possible causes of pelvic pain in men and women. We also look at the treatment options and when to see a doctor. Causes Constipation, endometriosis, fibroids, and STIs can cause pelvic pain. There are many causes of pelvic pain, including: 1. Constipation Constipation can cause pelvic pain, especially if it affects the lower colon. This type of pain tends to go away once a person has a bowel movement. 2. Other intestinal problems A variety of other intestinal conditions can cause pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis. These include: 3. Endometriosis Endometriosis is when tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside of the uterus. This tissue can bleed during a person’s menstrual cycle, as well as stick to other organs, causing pain and other symptoms. The location of the pain depends on where the tissue implants. While some people experience symptoms just during menstruation, others […]

Female ejaculation is when a female’s urethra expels fluid during sex. It can happen when a female becomes sexually aroused, but there is not necessarily an association with having an orgasm. Scientists do not fully understand female ejaculation, and there is limited research on how it works and its purpose. Female ejaculation is perfectly normal, although researchers remain divided on how many people experience it. In this article, we look at the current thinking on the mechanisms, purpose, and frequency of female ejaculation. What is it? Female ejaculation can occur due to sexual arousal. Female ejaculation refers to the expulsion of fluid from a female’s urethra during orgasm or sexual arousal. The urethra is the duct that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. There are two different types of female ejaculate: Squirting fluid. This fluid is usually colorless and odorless, and it occurs in large quantities. Ejaculate fluid. This type more closely resembles male semen. It is typically thick and appears milky. Analysis has shown that the fluid contains prostatic acid phosphatase (PSA). PSA is an enzyme present in male semen that helps sperm motility. In addition, female ejaculate usually contains fructose, which is a […]

Appendix cancer is a rare type of cancer that grows in the appendix. There are several different types of appendix cancer, and a person often experiences no symptoms in the early stages. The appendix is a tubular, finger-like sac around 4 inches in length that connects to the first part of the colon. Scientists do not fully understand the exact purpose of this organ. People can live normal and healthy lives without their appendix. Appendix cancer, also known as appendiceal cancer, is extremely rare. Experts estimate that this type of cancer affects around 2 to 9 people per 1 million. Some studies suggest that appendix cancer may be on the rise, however. A recent retrospective study estimated that it increased from around 6 people per 1 million in 2000 to as many as 10 people per 1 million in 2009. In this article, we discuss the types, symptoms, causes, and risk factors of appendix cancer. We also cover diagnosis, treatment, and survival rates for this disease. Types Appendicitis may be the first sign of appendix cancer. Appendix cancer includes several types of tumor cells that may affect various parts of the appendix. Some appendix tumors are benign, meaning they do […]

A fibroadenoma is a type of lump that can develop in the breast and typically appears in females. Fibroadenomas are very common, but they are benign, which means that they are noncancerous. Other than the lump itself, a person with a fibroadenoma is unlikely to experience any symptoms. In this article, we look at the causes of fibroadenomas and how doctors diagnose and treat them. What is a fibroadenoma? A fibroadenoma develops in the breast and is common in women. A fibroadenoma is a benign tumor that can develop in the breast. Doctors do not know why some people develop them and others do not. They are common in women but rare in men. The tumors consist of glandular and connective tissue, and they can vary in size. Some are so small that a person cannot feel them, while others are easy to locate during a self-examination. A person may have one fibroadenoma or many. Fibroadenomas may maintain their size or grow or shrink over time. If a fibroadenoma is large enough to touch, it will usually feel like a round, relatively firm lump that it is possible to move under the skin. Doctors classify fibroadenomas as either simple or […]

All food provides the body with energy, but this energy can vary greatly. Some foods, such as sugars and refined carbs, give the body a quick jolt of energy. However, more often, the body needs more sustainable energy from ingredients such as fruits, grains, and legumes. The list we give here focuses on foods and drinks that provide more stable energy throughout the day. Drinks The following drinks can help boost energy: 1. Water Drinking water throughout the day boosts energy levels. Water is the most crucial energizing ingredient on this list. Water is vital for every cell in the body to work correctly. While most people think of dehydration as an extreme scenario, the body may become partially dehydrated if a person goes all morning without water. Maintaining energy can be as simple as carrying a water bottle around and sipping it throughout the day to stay properly hydrated. 2. Coffee Coffee is a recognizable energy booster. The caffeine in coffee makes the body and mind feel alert and may make people more productive. Coffee also contains antioxidants called polyphenols, which may reduce oxidative stress in the cells and help the body function better. Coffee is a stimulant, however, […]

Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative condition that affects the nerves in the central nervous system. There is currently no cure, but treatments are available to slow its progression. Marijuana may be useful for treating several symptoms of the condition. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious and lifelong condition that causes a range of symptoms, which can become debilitating. Around 2.3 million people worldwide have MS. In people with MS, the immune system is overactive and causes damage to cells in the brain, spinal cord, or optical nerves that make up the central nervous system. Marijuana, which is also known as cannabis, is now legal in many areas of the United States. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society support the use of medical marijuana for people with MS in some instances and where it is lawful. However, the drug does have side effects, and it may not be suitable for everyone. Benefits of marijuana for MS Marijuana can help treat the symptoms of MS. The chemicals in marijuana have different effects on the body, some of which can be medicinal. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of the primary chemicals in marijuana, and it has psychoactive properties that cause the “high” of the drug. […]

Some research suggests that the supplement D-mannose may be able to help treat urinary tract infections. D-mannose is a type of naturally occurring sugar. There is ongoing research on its uses, which may include the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). This article looks at what D-mannose is, how it may interact with UTIs, and its side effects and risks. What is D-mannose? D-mannose naturally occurs in oranges, apples, and peaches. D-mannose is a type of sugar that some people believe may help treat UTIs. It may work by making it more difficult for the bacteria that are responsible for UTIs to attach themselves to the urinary tract. D-mannose naturally occurs in a variety of fruits and vegetables, including: oranges apples peaches cranberries mangos aloe vera seaweed Historically, people have used D-mannose to treat UTIs in animals. Now, scientists are interested in whether it could also treat and prevent UTIs in humans. According to a 2017 study, women with recurrent UTIs usually receive a low-dose antibiotic for 6 to 12 months after infection. While research has proven this to be effective, there is a risk that long-term antibiotic use will increase the likelihood of bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics. For […]

Excess waist fat is common in many people with a high risk of heart disease and stroke, according to a recent European study. New research finds that two-thirds of people at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease have excess belly fat. The study, called EUROASPIRE V, is a survey of cardiovascular disease prevention and diabetes. It forms part of a European Society of Cardiology research program. The findings featured recently at the World Congress of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Health in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. They revealed that nearly two-thirds of individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease had excess abdominal fat. The results also showed that: Only 47 percent of those taking drugs to reduce high blood pressure were achieving a target of under 140/90 millimeters of mercury, or under 140/85 for those who reported having diabetes. Among individuals using lipid-lowering medication, only 43 percent had reached the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol target of under 2.5 millimoles per liter. Many who were not in receipt of treatment for high blood pressure and high LDL cholesterol had those conditions. Only 65 percent of individuals receiving treatment for type 2 diabetes had attained the target blood sugar of under 7.0 […]

Herpes simplex is a viral infection that typically affects the mouth, genitals, or anal area. It is contagious and can cause outbreaks of sores and other symptoms. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a highly prevalent infection globally, with the most common type affecting around 3.7 billion people under the age of 50 years. It spreads rapidly through direct contact with a person who carries HSV. The sexual transmission of some types of HSV is also possible. The majority of people with HSV will not show any symptoms at all, but they can still pass on the virus. The symptoms of HSV are typically mild but can cause discomfort. HSV can be particularly harmful to those with weakened immune systems, such as infants. This article will outline the symptoms of HSV, the different types of the virus, and how to treat it. Symptoms Skin sores are the most common symptom of herpes. It is common for a person with HSV to have no noticeable symptoms. However, even without having symptoms, a person can still pass the virus on to someone else. When people do experience symptoms, these will usually include sores. These are blisters that develop on the surface of the […]

Amid the increasing rise of probiotic use in Western society, a recent journal article asks whether we should evaluate the products’ safety with a little more scrutiny. Probiotics are popular, but what does the evidence say? For millennia, humans have consumed foods rich with live bacteria. Yogurt, for instance, dates back to at least 5000 B.C., and in Korea, kimchi — fermented vegetables — has also been consumed for thousands of years. Today, however, live microorganisms are added to a range of products advertised as providing a wide array of medical benefits. Creative marketing and a general fascination for gut bacteria have combined to create a huge market for probiotics. Perhaps surprisingly, to sell a product that contains live microorganisms there is no legal requirement to provide evidence that it works or, importantly, that it is safe. An article published this week in JAMA Internal Medicine argues that this is a dangerous state of affairs. The piece was written by Dr. Pieter A. Cohen from the Cambridge Health Alliance at the Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA. The state of the evidence Dr. Cohen begins by outlining the proven benefits of probiotics. For instance, Saccharomyces boulardii has been shown to […]

Chemotherapy can affect a person’s brain for years after coming to an end. How does it actually change the brain, and is there anything that scientists can do to reverse these effects? Researchers are looking into ways of reversing the ‘chemo brain’ effect. Many people who undergo chemotherapy will notice cognitive impairment and behavioral changes. This might include difficulty with movement. Some people refer to this effect as “chemo brain.” It can last for months or years, impacting people’s quality of life following cancer treatment. Researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine in California recently conducted a study to find out exactly how and why chemotherapy agents affect the brain, and to see whether or not there is any way to block or reverse that effect. The results — which appear in the journal Cell — appear to indicate that methotrexate, a common chemotherapy drug, affects the normal functioning of three important types of cell present in the brain’s white matter. Chemo brain’s impact The scientists also report learning that a drug currently undergoing clinical trials for other uses can address these ill effects in a mouse model. “It’s wonderful that [people who have undergone chemotherapy are] alive, but their […]

Doctors may find it hard to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease before the obvious symptoms set in, and many of the current tests for it are expensive and complicated. However, researchers recently devised a blood test that could accurately detect this condition. Recent research aimed to develop an accurate blood test to diagnose Alzheimer’s. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, the condition will affect an estimated 5.7 million people in the United States by 2050. Despite this, there are few ways of accurately diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease early on. These include MRI and CT scans, which help doctors rule out other conditions that might cause similar symptoms. Another way of diagnosing Alzheimer’s is by collecting cerebrospinal fluid and looking for biomarkers of the disease. This is the most accurate test for this neurodegenerative condition, but it is costly and invasive. For all these reasons, researchers from Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, MA, have been developing a blood test for Alzheimer’s that aims to be accurate, more cost-effective, and less unpleasant. In the study paper, which appears in the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia, the researchers explain that the test may be able to detect biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease before the appearance of obvious symptoms. […]

Breasts come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. There is no right or wrong. For some people, however, large breasts can get in the way of daily life. There is some evidence that large bra cup sizes are related to shoulder and neck pain. People may also want to reduce their breast size for cosmetic or psychological reasons. Genetics, body weight, and age can affect breast size. Hormonal changes due to pregnancy, medications, or thyroid issues can also have an impact. In this article, we look at a range of natural methods people can try that may decrease breast size or the appearance of breast size. Natural methods for reducing breast size It is possible to reduce breast size with exercise and diet changes. There are some natural options that may reduce breast size without surgery. Breasts contain mostly fat, so strategies that reduce overall body fat may work well. The right method for reducing breast size depends on a person’s overall health and the reason for large breasts, which could include hormonal conditions or obesity. People concerned about breast health may wish to see their doctor before making significant lifestyle changes. The following natural remedies may help […]

Libido, or sex drive, naturally varies between individuals. Having a low sex drive is not necessarily a problem, but if a person wishes to boost their libido, they can try a range of effective natural methods. Anxiety, relationship difficulties, health concerns, and age can all affect libido. While a low libido is not usually problematic, it can affect a person’s relationships and self-esteem. In this article, we look some of the best ways that males and females can increase their libido using natural methods. Natural ways to boost libido Both males and females can boost their libido using the following methods: 1. Manage anxiety Regular exercise and open communication can help prevent anxiety affecting libido. Having high levels of anxiety is a common barrier to sexual functioning and libido for both males and females. This may be anxiety due to life stress or specific sex-related anxiety. People with an intense work schedule, caring responsibilities, or other life stresses may feel fatigued and, as a result, have a low sexual desire. Anxiety and stress can also make it more difficult for someone to get or maintain an erection, which can put a person off having sex. A 2017 review of erectile […]

The liver is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, making glucose, and detoxing the body. It also stores nutrients and creates bile, which is necessary to digest and absorb the nutrients in food properly. There are many foods and drinks that a person can consume to help protect the liver. Liver health is vital for overall health. Liver dysfunction can lead to liver disease, metabolic disorder, and even type 2 diabetes. While it may be impossible to manage all risk factors, consuming certain foods and drinks may help promote liver health. In this article, we will cover the best foods for liver health, their beneficial effects for the organ, and some foods to avoid. Top foods and drinks for liver health Some of the best foods and drinks that are good for the liver include: 1. Coffee Drinking coffee offers protection against fatty liver disease. A 2013 review that appears in the journal Liver International suggests that over 50 percent of people in the United States consume coffee daily. Coffee appears to be good for the liver, especially because it protects against issues such as fatty liver disease. The review also notes that daily coffee intake may help reduce the risk […]

A sunken fontanel occurs when the soft spot on a baby’s skull becomes more deep set than usual. One of the major causes is dehydration. The human skull is made up from several bones that are connected by tough fibrous tissue called sutures. These sutures give the skull some flexibility, allowing the head to pass through the birth canal. Where several sutures meet, they create a fontanel. Fontanels make the skull flexible enough for the brain to grow. When a child is born, it will have several fontanels on the skull, but the ones on the back (posterior) and top (anterior) of its head are the most well-known. For many babies, only the larger anterior fontanel is open after birth. People refer to this fontanel as the soft spot. Sometimes, the smaller posterior fontanel is also open and may be felt at birth but soon closes. Over time, this flexibility becomes less necessary, so the fontanels close up, and sutures harden. The anterior fontanel should curve slightly inwards but remain relatively firm. It is not always visible, particularly under hair. In some cases, the dip may be very pronounced and noticeable. This is a sunken fontanel, which requires medical attention. […]

Bacteria could have a bigger involvement in cancer than scientists may have realized, according to recent research. A viral infection may be the cause of up to 20 percent of cancer cases. A study from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore has uncovered a type of bacterial infection that can disrupt DNA repair in cells, which is a known cause of cancer. The same type of infection could also weaken the effect of some anticancer drugs, says the PNAS report on the findings. “Currently,” comments senior study author Robert C. Gallo, who is a professor of medicine and director of the university’s Institute of Human Virology, “approximately 20 percent of cancers are thought to be caused by infection, most are known to be due to viruses.” The team began by investigating infections by a family of tiny bacteria that go by the name of mycoplasmas. These bacteria “are associated with cancers, especially in people with HIV,” explains Prof. Gallo, who was one of the scientists who discovered that HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. Mycoplasmas, DnaK, and cancer Mycoplasmas are among the smallest “free-living microorganisms.” They do not have a cell wall and, for a long […]

New research in mice finds that a single workout activates a brain circuit associated with a lower appetite, lower blood sugar levels, and better metabolism. Moreover, this effect lasted for 2 days after the workout. The findings may help improve blood sugar metabolism in people with diabetes. A single workout can offer long-lasting metabolic benefits. According to the most recent estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 100 million people in the United States are currently living with diabetes or prediabetes. In excess of 30 million U.S. adults have diabetes, and more than 84 million have prediabetes. According to the CDC, prediabetes can evolve into diabetes within 5 years. Controlling blood sugar levels with physical activity and diet is key to managing or preventing diabetes. However, new research suggests that we may need less physical activity than we might think to achieve these health benefits. Dr. Kevin Williams, a neuroscientist at the University of Texas Southwestern in Dallas, is the corresponding and last author of the new study. Dr. Williams and colleagues examined the effects of a single bout of exercise on two types of neurons in mice. The neurons make up the so-called melanocortin […]

Iron is an essential mineral for health. Although red meat and seafood are good sources of iron, many plant-based foods also contain plenty of this mineral. Numerous vegetables, legumes, and other foods contain a form of iron called nonheme iron, which accounts for the majority of people’s iron intake in the United States. The type of iron in animal products is called heme iron. Although the body can absorb it more easily, heme iron is not essential to the human diet. By selecting the right foods, people eating a vegetarian or vegan diet can meet their daily iron requirements without needing to take supplements. In this article, we list the best iron-rich vegetarian foods. We also provide some tips to help people maximize their iron absorption from nonheme sources. The following are some of the best iron-rich foods for vegetarians and vegans: Lentils Lentils are rich in iron and protein. Lentils are rich in iron, protein, and fiber, making them a great addition to a healthful diet. Each cup of cooked lentils contains 6.59 milligrams (mg) of iron and 17.86 grams (g) of protein. Lentils also contain many other nutrients, including B vitamins, magnesium, potassium, and zinc. Research suggests that […]

A prostatectomy is a type of surgery during which a surgeon will remove the prostate gland, often due to cancer. Following the operation, doctors use prostate-specific antigen testing to check for signs of cancer recurrence. The prostate gland produces low levels of a protein called prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Cancerous prostate cells also produce PSA. Doctors use PSA tests to check levels of PSA in a person’s blood. Higher levels of this protein can indicate a problem with prostate health, including prostate cancer. One treatment option for prostate cancer is a prostatectomy. During a radical prostatectomy, a surgeon will remove the prostate as well as some of the tissue around the gland. After a prostatectomy, it is normal for a person to continue having regular PSA tests. This helps doctors check that the surgical team removed the cancer successfully, and that it has not returned. In this article, we discuss why PSA testing is important after a prostatectomy and what the results can mean. We also cover treatment and prevention of rising PSA levels. Why is PSA testing important after prostatectomy? A doctor may recommend PSA testing to determine if the prostate cancer has returned after surgery. It is possible for […]

Scientists have created an experimental test that can detect cancer in less than 10 minutes. The test uses a DNA feature that seems to be common to all types of cancer and does not occur in healthy tissue. Study finds that various cancers share the same ‘DNA signature.’ A team at the University of Queensland in Australia has discovered that DNA fragments from cancer cells adopt a unique structure in water. The researchers uncovered the same “DNA signature” in samples of breast, prostate, and bowel cancer tissue as well as in lymphomas. From these results, they developed a test that can detect the apparently universal cancer DNA signature in less than 10 minutes. They also demonstrated that the test was up to 90 percent accurate over 200 samples of tissue and blood. Higher accuracy in a test means that it produces fewer false positives, which are results that suggest that cancer is present when it is not. The journal Nature Communications has now published a study paper about the test and how the scientists developed it. ‘Simple universal marker of cancer’ Should it prove effective in human trials, the test could mark the end of a long search for a […]

“She has blue eyes.” That was the first thing my dad said about me when I was born. He had blue eyes. It deeply saddens me to think that he was already looking for something that we had in common from the first moment he saw me. My thoughts would race from one thing to another. All babies have blue eyes at birth, but mine turned hazel. As long as he lived, my dad never knew that we actually did have something in common. We both had bipolar disorder. When I was a kid, my mom told me that my dad had “manic depression.” To me, that brought to mind a pot of boiling water with the lid vibrating and steam escaping, ready to explode at any moment. My dad would spend thousands of dollars on Rolex watches and high-end stereo equipment and then lock himself in his bedroom for days. One day, he would affectionately tease me until I giggled. The next day, he would angrily snap at me for no reason. He had outbursts that terrified me. I exhausted myself trying to make sense of his actions, always taking them personally. I was the girl with daddy issues, […]

People with HIV are now able to live long and healthy lives due to the development of very effective treatments. However, these people may be at higher risk of developing certain types of cancer due to HIV’s effect on the immune system. In this article, we will look at which types of cancer people living with HIV are at greater risk of developing. We also discuss how people with HIV can lower their cancer risk and how doctors treat cancer in these individuals. HIV and cancer risk People with HIV are at a higher risk of cervical cancer, lung cancer, and lymphoma. HIV affects the body’s immune system by specifically targeting CD4 cells, which are a type of white blood cell. If left untreated, HIV can reduce this cell count. Generally, the higher a person’s CD4 cell count, the better. Low levels of CD4 cells leave the body vulnerable to infections. Research from 2016 also shows that lower levels CD4 cells reduce the body’s ability to fight off early forms of cancer. People with HIV are at higher risk of certain cancers compared with individuals without HIV. These cancers include: Kaposi’s sarcoma Kaposi’s sarcoma is a rare form of cancer […]

Mood swings can be common in people with multiple sclerosis. The condition attacks the nerve cells, and a person may feel changes in their mental and physical health. Mood swings can take many forms that have different causes and treatment options. Some causes of mood swing have links to the disorder itself. Multiple sclerosis or MS is unpredictable, and people may never know when its symptoms will hit. This uncertainty may result in a shifting mood. Other causes are also possible. Addressing these mood changes is vital. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society note that people with MS tend to focus on their physical symptoms, and they may neglect their mental health. However, psychological health is vital to MS treatment. Possible causes Possible causes of mood swings for people with MS include: Grief Receiving a diagnosis of MS can cause depression and grief. When a person receives a diagnosis, they may notice their mood changes, or they may have mood swings. This can be a sign that they are grieving over the change in their life that comes with a diagnosis. People with a new diagnosis may find themselves overwhelmed with information about the condition. They may learn about some negative […]

Researchers have discovered that a particular drug combination may have a more significant effect against melanoma, a type of cancer that typically occurs in the skin, than other medications. New research finds that a novel drug combination may be more effective against some cancers than previous therapies. According to recent studies, one of the best ways of blocking melanoma is by administering protein kinase inhibitors, which prevent the action of certain specialized enzymes. The main downside of treating people with this type of cancer with protein kinase inhibitors is that they often acquire resistance to the drugs, making them ineffective. However, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, believe they may have found a way to boost the effect of protein kinase inhibitors and prevent resistance to them. The specialists suggest that combining protein kinase inhibitors with ribonuclease drugs could improve melanoma treatment. Ribonucleases can “unravel” RNA, a molecule that helps to encode and decode genes, as well as regulate gene expression. They also put up a “shield” against viral RNA, which is the genetic material of certain aggressive viruses. “We discovered that this ribonuclease drug could be paired favorably with other cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and not only […]

A lateral collateral ligament sprain occurs when the ligament on the outer side of the knee tears. This type of sprain is most common in people who play contact sports, such as football. While knee injuries represent up to 39 percent of all injuries in athletes, lateral ligament injuries are less common. Many lateral collateral ligament (LCL) injuries occur alongside other knee damage. The LCL connects the thighbone to the smaller calf bone. It controls the sideways movement of the knee, and, alongside the medial collateral ligament on the inner knee, it contributes to knee stability. In this article, we discuss the causes and symptoms of LCL sprains. We also list some methods of treating and preventing this injury. Causes Athletes who play contact sports are at risk of an LCL injury. An LCL sprain usually occurs when the knee pushes out beyond the usual range of motion. This overstretches and tears the ligament. An LCL sprain may have causes including: direct contact to the inside of the knee, such as in a collision or a tackle poor landing technique suddenly changing direction while running twisting the knee when the foot is stationary The following groups are more at risk […]

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that help the body fight off infections. The test involves a doctor drawing blood. An eosinophil count may be either too high or too low, which may indicate an underlying condition, or it may be in the normal range. Learn more about eosinophil count here.

Recent research has broken new ground in the quest for a type 1 diabetes treatment that generates insulin-making cells. New research furthers our understanding of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Scientists from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and the Helmholtz Zentrum München in Neuherberg, Germany have mapped the signals that determine the destiny of progenitor cells in the pancreas. These immature cells can develop into either islet cells that make insulin or another type of cell. The journal Nature features a paper on the findings. This research reveals that pancreatic progenitor cells bounce around and that their immediate environment, or extracellular matrix, plays a strong role in deciding their fate. “We have now been able,” says Prof. Henrik Semb, senior author and director of the Institute of Translational Stem Cell Research at Helmholtz Zentrum München, “to map the signal that determines whether pancreatic progenitor cells will become endocrine, such as insulin-producing beta cells, or duct cells.” Type 1 diabetes and islet cells Insulin is a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose and use it to make energy. Diabetes develops when the body’s level of blood sugar is too high. This can happen either because there is not enough insulin […]

When skin is wounded, the hair cannot regrow. In a recent study, researchers ask why this is and whether it can be reversed. They conclude that a signaling pathway called the sonic hedgehog may be critical. Though it may seem simple, hair regrowth is complex and mysterious. Hair loss comes in many forms. It can be a gradual, gene-driven loss known as male- or female-pattern baldness. Alternately, it may result from an injury, such as a burn or deep wound. However the hair has been lost, regrowing it is a technical challenge that has defied researchers since the dawn of science. In ancient Egypt, for instance, there was a range of unusual regrowth techniques, including rubbing hippopotamus fat into the scalp. Although science has moved on, it is still only inching toward a solution to hair loss. The latest study to investigate regrowth was headed by cell biologist Mayumi Ito, Ph.D., an associate professor at the New York University Langone Health center in New York City. Her team’s findings were published this week in the journal Nature Communications. Finding a new target The scientists wanted to look for changes in the signaling pathways of damaged skin. In particular, they were […]

Scientists have suggested a way to improve treatments that use viruses to attack cancer. It exploits the fact that cancer cells need a lot of glucose and must metabolize it rapidly to survive. Cutting down cancer cells’ sugar supply could make them more vulnerable to treatment. Oncolytic viruses specifically target and enter cancer cells and use the cells’ machinery for their own multiplication and spread. They destroy tumors from the inside without harming nearby healthy tissue. A recent study proposes that restricting the cancer cells’ supply of glucose, and altering their ability to metabolize it, may strengthen the power of oncolytic viruses. The research team, at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, used mouse models and cells from ovarian, lung, and colon tumors in order to demonstrate the effect. Cancer Research UK sponsored the study, and a paper on the work features in the journal Cancer Research. “Our research in the lab,” says lead study author Arthur Dyer, who is currently a Ph.D. student in the university’s oncology department, “showed that restricting the amount of sugar available to cancer cells makes these cancer-attacking oncolytic viruses work even better.” Cancer cells need lots of glucose All cells need glucose […]

New research conducted in mice identifies a neural pathway crucial to both depression and addiction. Can we treat these problems by simply manipulating this pathway? Can we influence brain circuitry to treat depression and addiction? The pleasure and reward system is one of the most important systems governed by the brain. It spurs us to enjoy the activities that have contributed to our survival as a species, such as eating, drinking, and having sex, so that we feel motivated to pursue them. The activity of the reward system, however, is also a key factor in various types of addictive behavior. Now, a team of researchers from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore — led by Prof. Scott Thompson, Ph.D. — has discovered that brain regions involved in addiction may also play a role in depression, albeit in an opposite way. The researchers, who recently published their findings in the journal Nature, identified an increased strength of signals sent between the hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens — two brain regions that form part of the reward system — as a sign of addiction. “These two parts of the brain are known to be important in processing rewarding experiences,” […]

Viral load refers to the amount of HIV in a person’s blood. HIV treatments aim to reduce the viral load until the virus is no longer detectable, which mean it is also untransmittable. In this article, we discuss what viral load means for people living with HIV and their partners, the links between viral load and CD4 levels, and how doctors test and monitor these levels. What is HIV viral load? The viral load is the amount of HIV in a person’s blood. Doctors define the viral load as the number of HIV copies in a milliliter of blood (copies/ml). Doctors initially use the viral load to check the status of HIV after diagnosis, then to monitor the success of HIV treatments. When a person contracts HIV the virus replicates in their blood. The more copies of the virus there are, the higher a person’s viral load. If there is a high number of copies in the blood, this suggests that there is also a high number in other bodily fluids, such as vaginal fluid and semen. The main aim of HIV treatments is to reduce the viral load to the point where there are so few copies of the […]

One of the earliest indications of an HIV infection can be a fever. A fever in early-stage HIV infection may be a symptom of the virus rapidly multiplying in the body. A fever usually occurs within 2 to 4 weeks of exposure to the virus. Sometimes, a person may mistake a fever and other symptoms for those of the flu, a sore throat, or even mononucleosis. This article will help a person identify if their fever could be related to an acute HIV infection. Symptoms and causes When a person contracts HIV, they will usually develop a fever. When a person contracts HIV, their body launches an immune system response. Doctors call this phase seroconversion or an acute HIV infection. A fever is an increase in the body’s temperature that is one way it tries to kill off harmful pathogens. The fever is usually the first of several other symptoms that may also occur. A person might have a low-grade fever of 100°F or a fever higher than 101.5°F. Between 40 and 90 percent of people have an acute reaction, such as a fever, following exposure to HIV, but some people may not have symptoms, initially. At this time, HIV […]

Recent research has uncovered how light-sensitive cells in the eye can reset the internal clock when exposed to light. The light from our smartphones may affect our retinal cells, disrupting our circadian rhythms. The discovery could help explain why prolonged exposure to light that is out of sync with a person’s natural, or circadian, rhythm can disrupt sleep and damage health. This can result, for example, from sustained light exposure late at night. The researchers, from the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, CA, hope that their findings will lead to improvements in the treatment of insomnia, jet lag, migraines, and circadian rhythm disorders. The team has published their findings in the journal Cell Reports. Scientists have found that circadian rhythm disorders are tied to serious health issues, including metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cancer, obesity, and cognitive dysfunction. Because we use artificial sources of light, our sleep-wake cycles are no longer tied to patterns of day and night. Thanks to portable technologies, such as smartphones and tablets, the opportunities to become absorbed in screen time, day or night, have never been greater. “This lifestyle,” says senior study author Prof. Satchidananda Panda, “causes disruptions to our circadian rhythms and […]

New research published in the European Heart Journal suggests that even people with no signs of cardiovascular disease should exercise to prevent a heart attack. Cardiorespiratory fitness can be a predictor of future problems, warn the researchers. Even fit and healthy people should exercise regularly to keep heart disease at bay. Heart disease remains the leading cause of death among men and women in the United States, responsible for the deaths of around 610,000 people each year. Coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease, which often results in a heart attack. However, even healthy people might be at risk of a heart attack, new research points out. Even if someone has no signs of cardiovascular problems, low cardiorespiratory fitness may predict future heart disease. For this reason, healthy individuals should exercise regularly to keep heart disease at bay. Jon Magne Letnes, Ph.D., of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, is the lead author of the new paper. Studying cardiorespiratory fitness levels Letnes and colleagues analyzed the cardiorespiratory fitness of 4,527 “healthy and fit” individuals who enrolled in the large HUNT3 study in 2006–2008. As part of the study, the participants ran on […]